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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on January 29, 2013 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Click flag or map to enlarge 
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Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to become an important commercial center. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century established widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and Blanco parties. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
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Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil
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33 00 S, 56 00 W
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total: 176,215 sq km
country comparison to the world: 91
land:
175,015 sq km
water:
1,200 sq km
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slightly smaller than the state of Washington
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total: 1,648 km
border countries:
Argentina 580 km, Brazil 1,068 km
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660 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or edge of continental margin
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warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
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mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Cerro Catedral 514 m
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arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish
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arable land: 7.77%
permanent crops:
0.24%
other:
91.99% (2005)
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2,180 sq km (2003)
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139 cu km (2000)
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total: 3.15 cu km/yr (2%/1%/96%)
per capita:
910 cu m/yr (2000)
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seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts
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water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
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second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising
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| People and Society ::Uruguay |
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noun: Uruguayan(s)
adjective:
Uruguayan
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white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)
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Spanish (official), Portunol, Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
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Roman Catholic 47.1%, non-Catholic Christians 11.1%, nondenominational 23.2%, Jewish 0.3%, atheist or agnostic 17.2%, other 1.1% (2006)
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Uruguay rates high for most development indicators and is known for its secularism, liberal social laws, and well-developed social security, health, and educational systems. It is one of the few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean where the entire population has access to clean water. Uruguay's provision of free primary through university education has contributed to the country's high levels of literacy and educational attainment. However, the emigration of human capital has diminished the state's return on its investment in education. Remittances from the roughly 18% of Uruguayans abroad amount to less than 1 percent of national GDP. The emigration of young adults and a low birth rate are causing Uruguay's population to age rapidly.
In the 1960s, Uruguayans for the first time emigrated en masse - primarily to Argentina and Brazil - because of economic decline and the onset of more than a decade of military dictatorship. Economic crises in the early 1980s and 2002 also triggered waves of emigration, but since 2002 more than 70% of Uruguayan emigrants have selected the US and Spain as destinations because of better job prospects. Uruguay had a tiny population upon its independence in 1828 and welcomed thousands of predominantly Italian and Spanish immigrants, but the country has not experienced large influxes of new arrivals since the aftermath of World War II. More recent immigrants include Peruvians and Arabs.
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3,316,328 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
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0-14 years: 21.8% (male 367,169/ female 354,775)
15-64 years:
64.5% (male 1,051,562/ female 1,086,128)
65 years and over:
13.8% (male 181,996/ female 274,698) (2012 est.)
population pyramid: 
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total: 33.8 years
male:
32.2 years
female:
35.5 years (2012 est.)
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0.24% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
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13.4 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
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9.55 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
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-1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
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urban population: 92% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
0.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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MONTEVIDEO (capital) 1.633 million (2009)
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at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.66 male(s)/female
total population:
0.93 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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29 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 124
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total: 9.44 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 148
male:
10.47 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
8.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 76.41 years
country comparison to the world: 74
male:
73.27 years
female:
79.66 years (2012 est.)
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1.87 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
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7.4% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 68
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3.736 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
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2.9 beds/1,000 population (2007)
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improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0% of population
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0.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
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9,900 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
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NA
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6% (2004)
country comparison to the world: 79
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2.9% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 134
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
98%
male:
97.6%
female:
98.4% (2003 est.)
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total: 16 years
male:
14 years
female:
17 years (2008)
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total: 20%
country comparison to the world: 56
male:
16.1%
female:
25.4% (2009)
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conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
conventional short form:
Uruguay
local long form:
Republica Oriental del Uruguay
local short form:
Uruguay
former:
Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province
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constitutional republic
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name: Montevideo
geographic coordinates:
34 51 S, 56 10 W
time difference:
UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends second Sunday in March
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19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres
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25 August 1825 (from Brazil)
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Independence Day, 25 August (1825)
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27 November 1966; effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973; revised 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
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civil law system based on the Spanish civil code
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory
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chief of state: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:
President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March 2010)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president with parliamentary approval
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms (may not serve consecutive terms); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)
election results:
Jose "Pepe" MUJICA elected president; percent of vote - Jose "Pepe" MUJICA 54.8%, Luis Alberto LACALLE 45.2%
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bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; vice president has one vote in the Senate) and Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections:
Chamber of Senators - last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be held in October 2014); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)
election results:
Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Frente Amplio 16, Blanco 9, Colorado Party 5; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Frente Amplio 50, Blanco 30, Colorado Party 17, Independent Party 2
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Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)
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Broad Front (Frente Amplio) - formerly known as the Progressive Encounter/Broad Front Coalition or EP-FA [Jorge BROVETTO] (a broad governing coalition that includes Movement for Popular Participation or MPP, New Space Party (Nuevo Espacio) [Rafael MICHELINI], Progressive Alliance (Alianza Progresista) [Rodolfo NIN NOVOA], Socialist Party [Eduardo FERNANDEZ and Reinaldo GARGANO], Communist Party [Eduardo LORIER], Uruguayan Assembly (Asamblea Uruguay) [Danilo ASTORI], and Vertiente Artiguista [Mariano ARANA]); Colorado Party (Foro Batllista) [Pedro BORDABERRY and Julio Maria SANGUINETTI]; National Party or Blanco [Luis Alberto LACALLE and Jorge LARRANAGA]
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Chamber of Commerce and Export of Agriproducts; Chamber of Industries (manufacturer's association); Exporters Union of Uruguay; National Chamber of Commerce and Services; PIT/CNT (powerful federation of Uruguayan Unions - umbrella labor organization); Rural Association of Uruguay (rancher's association); Uruguayan Network of Political Women
other:
Catholic Church; students
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CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos Alberto GIANELLI Derois
chancery:
1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone:
[1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316
FAX:
[1] (202) 331-8142
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
consulate(s):
San Juan (Puerto Rico)
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. LLOYD
embassy:
Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200
mailing address:
APO AA 34035
telephone:
[598] (2) 418-7777
FAX:
[598] (2) 418-8611
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nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil)
note:
the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag
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Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol)
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name: "Himno Nacional" (National Anthem of Uruguay)
lyrics/music:
Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/Francisco Jose DEBALI
note:
adopted 1848; the anthem is also known as "Orientales, la Patria o la tumba!" ("Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!"); it is the world's longest national anthem in terms of music (105 bars; almost five minutes); generally only the first verse and chorus are sung
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Uruguay has a free market economy characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and high levels of social spending. Following financial difficulties in the late 1990s and early 2000s, economic growth for Uruguay averaged 8% annually during the period 2004-08. The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay's vigorous growth, which decelerated to 2.6% in 2009. Nevertheless, the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates, mainly through higher public expenditure and investment, and GDP growth reached 8.9% in 2010 but fell about 3.5% in 2012, the result of a renewed slowdown in the global economy and in Uruguay's main trade partners and Common Market of the South (Mercosur) counterparts, Argentina and Brazil. Uruguay has sought to expand trade within Mercosur and with non-Mercosur members. Uruguay's total merchandise trade with Mercosur since 2006 has increased by nearly 70% to more than $5 billion while its total trade with the world has almost doubled to roughly $20 billion.
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$53.55 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
$51.74 billion (2011 est.)
$48.95 billion (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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$49.72 billion (2012 est.)
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3.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
5.7% (2011 est.)
8.9% (2010 est.)
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$15,800 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
$15,400 (2011 est.)
$14,600 (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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agriculture: 9.1%
industry:
21.5%
services:
69.3% (2012 est.)
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1.691 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
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agriculture: 13%
industry:
14%
services:
73% (2010 est.)
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6.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
6% (2011 est.)
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18.6% (2010 est.) (2010 est.)
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lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%:
34.4% (2010 est.)
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45.3 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 39
44.8 (1999)
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20% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
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revenues: $14.28 billion
expenditures:
$15.07 billion (2012 est.)
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28.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
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-1.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
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57.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
58.3% of GDP (2011 est.)
note:
data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.
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7.8% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
8.1% (2011 est.)
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9% (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 31
8.75% (31 December 2011)
note:
Uruguay's central bank uses the benchmark interest rate, rather than the discount rate, to conduct monetary policy; the rates shown here are the benchmark rates
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11% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
9.8% (31 December 2011 est.)
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$5.143 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
$4.749 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$16.97 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
$14.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
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$15.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
$14.79 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$231 million (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 112
$238 million (31 December 2010)
$219 million (31 December 2009)
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soybeans, rice, wheat; beef, dairy products; fish; lumber, cellulose
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-1% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
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-$1.189 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
-$875.9 million (2011 est.)
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$9.812 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$9.341 billion (2011 est.)
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beef, soybeans, cellulose, rice, wheat, wood, dairy products; wool
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Brazil 19.3%, China 14.2%, Argentina 6.8%, Germany 6%, Venezuela 4.3% (2011)
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$10.97 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
$10.41 billion (2011 est.)
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refined oil, crude oil, passenger and other transportation vehicles, vehicles parts, cellular phones
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Brazil 16.3%, China 15%, Argentina 13.4%, US 9.4%, Paraguay 7.1%, Venezuela 6.7% (2011)
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$12.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
$10.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$11.61 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
$11.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$9.304 billion (2010)
country comparison to the world: 83
$7.3 billion (2009)
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$300 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
$156 million (2007 est.)
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Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar -
20.63 (2012 est.)
19.314 (2011 est.)
20.059 (2010 est.)
22.568 (2009)
20.936 (2008)
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calendar year
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9.5 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
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7.96 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
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18.9 million kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
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470 million kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
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2.516 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
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38.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
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61.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
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0.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
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0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
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38,720 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
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0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
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43,370 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
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51,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
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6,093 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
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22,060 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
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0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
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80 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
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0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
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86.4 million cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
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0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
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7.265 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
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964,900 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 80
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4.757 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 109
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general assessment: fully digitalized
domestic:
most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; nationwide microwave radio relay network; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached 170 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 598; the UNISOR submarine cable system provides direct connectivity to Brazil and Argentina; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)
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mixture of privately-owned and state-run broadcast media; more than 100 commercial radio stations and about 20 TV channels; cable TV is available; many community radio and TV stations; adopted the hybrid Japanese/Brazilian HDTV standard (ISDB-T) in December 2010 (2010)
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.uy
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1.036 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 45
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1.405 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 86
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94 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 63
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total: 11
over 3,047 m:
1
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
914 to 1,523 m:
4
under 914 m:
2 (2012)
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total: 83
1,524 to 2,437 m:
3
914 to 1,523 m:
27
under 914 m:
53 (2012)
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gas 226 km; oil 155 km (2010)
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total: 1,641 km
country comparison to the world: 77
standard gauge:
1,641 km 1.435-m gauge (1,200 km operational) (2010)
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total: 77,732 km
country comparison to the world: 61
paved:
7,743 km
unpaved:
69,989 km (2010)
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1,600 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 50
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total: 16
country comparison to the world: 100
by type:
bulk carrier 1, cargo 2, chemical tanker 3, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned:
8 (Argentina 1, Denmark 1, Greece 1, Spain 5)
registered in other countries:
1 (Liberia 1) (2010)
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Montevideo
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Uruguayan Armed Forces: Uruguayan National Army (Ejercito Nacional Uruguaya, ENU), Uruguayan National Navy (Armada Nacional del Uruguay; includes naval air arm, Naval Rifle Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales, Fusna), Maritime Prefecture in wartime), Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Uruguaya, FAU) (2010)
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18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; up to 40 years of age for specialists; enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies; minimum 6-year education (2009)
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males age 16-49: 771,159
females age 16-49:
780,932 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 649,025
females age 16-49:
654,903 (2010 est.)
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male: 27,564
female:
26,811 (2010 est.)
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1.6% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 92
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| Transnational Issues ::Uruguay |
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in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina; the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime; uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border
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small-scale transit country for drugs mainly bound for Europe, often through sea-borne containers; law enforcement corruption; money laundering because of strict banking secrecy laws; weak border control along Brazilian frontier; increasing consumption of cocaine base and synthetic drugs
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