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Mission
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on January 29, 2013 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Click flag or map to enlarge 
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Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A border war with Eritrea late in the 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission(EEBC) issued specific coordinates as virtually demarcating the border and pronounced its work finished. Alleging that the EEBC acted beyond its mandate in issuing the coordinates, Ethiopia has not accepted them and has not withdrawn troops from previously contested areas pronounced by the EEBC as belonging to Eritrea.
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Eastern Africa, west of Somalia
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8 00 N, 38 00 E
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total: 1,104,300 sq km
country comparison to the world: 27
land:
1 million sq km
water:
104,300 sq km
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slightly less than twice the size of Texas
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total: 5,328 km
border countries:
Djibouti 349 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, South Sudan 837 km, Sudan 769 km
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0 km (landlocked)
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none (landlocked)
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tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
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high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley
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lowest point: Danakil Depression -125 m
highest point:
Ras Dejen 4,533 m
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small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower
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arable land: 10.01%
permanent crops:
0.65%
other:
89.34% (2005)
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2,900 sq km (2003)
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110 cu km (1987)
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total: 5.56 cu km/yr (6%/0%/94%)
per capita:
72 cu m/yr (2002)
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geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
volcanism:
volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (elev. 613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, causing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir
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deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified:
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea
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landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean
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| People and Society ::Ethiopia |
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noun: Ethiopian(s)
adjective:
Ethiopian
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Oromo 34.5%, Amara 26.9%, Somalie 6.2%, Tigraway 6.1%, Sidama 4%, Gurage 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Affar 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, other 11.3% (2007 Census)
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Oromigna (official regional) 33.8%, Amarigna (Amharic) (official) 29.3%, Somaligna 6.2%, Tigrigna (official regional) 5.9%, Sidamigna 4%, Wolayitigna 2.2%, Guaragigna 2%, Affarigna 1.7%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, Gamogna 1.5%, other 11.7%, English (official) (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (official) (1994 census)
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Orthodox 43.5%, Muslim 33.9%, Protestant 18.6%, traditional 2.6%, Catholic 0.7%, other 0.7% (2007 Census)
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91,195,675 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14
note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
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0-14 years: 44.6% (male 20,342,615/ female 20,319,812)
15-64 years:
52.6% (male 23,840,978/ female 24,138,560)
65 years and over:
2.8% (male 1,155,374/ female 1,398,336) (2012 est.)
population pyramid: 
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total: 16.8 years
male:
16.5 years
female:
17.1 years (2012 est.)
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2.9% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
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38.5 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
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9.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
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-0.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population
country comparison to the world: 114
note:
repatriation of Ethiopian refugees residing in Sudan is expected to continue for several years; some Sudanese, Somali, and Eritrean refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes (2012 est.)
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urban population: 17% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
3.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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ADDIS ABABA (capital) 2.863 million (2009)
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.75 male(s)/female
total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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350 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 31
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total: 60.9 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 26
male:
69.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
52 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 56.56 years
country comparison to the world: 196
male:
53.99 years
female:
59.21 years (2012 est.)
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5.39 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13
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3.6% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 170
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0.022 physicians/1,000 population (2007)
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0.18 beds/1,000 population (2008)
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improved:
urban: 29% of population
rural: 8% of population
total: 12% of population
unimproved:
urban: 71% of population
rural: 92% of population
total: 88% of population
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NA
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NA
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NA
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:
malaria
respiratory disease:
meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease:
rabies
water contact disease:
schistosomiasis (2009)
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34.6% (2005)
country comparison to the world: 10
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5.5% of GDP (2007)
country comparison to the world: 42
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
42.7%
male:
50.3%
female:
35.1% (2003 est.)
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total: 8 years
male:
9 years
female:
8 years (2008)
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total: 24.9%
country comparison to the world: 30
male:
19.5%
female:
29.4% (2006)
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conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
conventional short form:
Ethiopia
local long form:
Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik
local short form:
Ityop'iya
former:
Abyssinia, Italian East Africa
abbreviation:
FDRE
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federal republic
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name: Addis Ababa
geographic coordinates:
9 02 N, 38 42 E
time difference:
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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9 ethnically based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali), Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples)
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oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years (may be traced to the Aksumite Kingdom, which coalesced in the first century B.C.)
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National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)
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ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
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civil law system
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President GIRMA Woldegiorgis (since 8 October 2001)
head of government:
Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn (since 21 September 2012); note - prior to his approval as prime minister, HAILEMARIAM had been acting prime minister due to the death of former Prime Minister MELES
cabinet:
Council of Ministers ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president elected by both chambers of Parliament for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 October 2007 (next to be held in October 2013); prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections
election results:
GIRMA Woldegiorgis elected president; percent of vote by the House of People's Representatives - 79%
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bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation (or upper chamber responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues) (108 seats; members chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives (or lower chamber responsible for passing legislation) (547 seats; members directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms)
elections:
last held on 23 May 2010 (next to be held in 2015)
election results:
percent of vote - NA; seats by party - EPRDF 499, SPDP 24, BGPDP 9, ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, HNL 1, FORUM 1, APDO 1, independent 1
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Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council)
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Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed KEDIR]; All Ethiopian Unity Organization or AEUO [Hailu SHAWEL]; Arena Tigray [GEBRU Asrat]; Argoba People's Democratic Organization or APDO [Abdulkader MOHAMMED]; Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Party or BGPDP [Mulualem BESSE]; Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [AYELE Chamiso]; Ethiopian Democratic Party or EDP [MUSHE Semu]; Ethiopian Federal Democratic Forum or FORUM (a UDJ-led 6-party alliance established for the 2010 parliamentary elections) [Dr. Moga FRISSA]; Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF (including the following organizations: Amhara National Democratic Movement or AMDM; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO; Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement or SEPDM; and Tigray People's Liberation Front or TPLF); Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM; Gurage Peoples Democratic Front [GIRMA Bogale]; Harari National League or HNL [YASIN Husein]; Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM; Oromo People's Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]; Somali Democratic Alliance Forces or SODAF [BUH Hussien]; Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP [Abdulfetah Sheck ABDULAHI]; South Ethiopian People's Democratic Union or SEPDU [TILAHUN Endeshaw]; United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]; Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Dr. NEGASSO Gidada]
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Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF; Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]
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ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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chief of mission: Ambassador GIRMA Birru
chancery:
3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 364-1200
FAX:
[1] (202) 587-0195
consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles
consulate(s):
New York
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chief of mission: Ambassador Donald E. BOOTH
embassy:
Entoto Street, Addis Ababa
mailing address:
P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa
telephone:
[251] 11-517-40-00
FAX:
[251] 11-517-40-01
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three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia
note:
Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996
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Abyssinian lion
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name: "Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enat Ethiopia" (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia)
lyrics/music:
DEREJE Melaku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu
note:
adopted 1992
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Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Coffee has been a major export crop. The agricultural sector suffers from poor cultivation practices and frequent drought, but recent joint efforts by the Government of Ethiopia and donors have strengthened Ethiopia's agricultural resilience, contributing to a reduction in the number of Ethiopians threatened with starvation. The banking, insurance, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted significant foreign investment in textiles, leather, commercial agriculture and manufacturing. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; land use certificates are now being issued in some areas so that tenants have more recognizable rights to continued occupancy and hence make more concerted efforts to improve their leaseholds. While GDP growth has remained high, per capita income is among the lowest in the world. Ethiopia's economy continues on its state-led Growth and Transformation Plan under its new leadership after Prime Minister Meles's death. The five-year economic plan has achieved high single-digit growth rates through government-led infrastructure expansion and commercial agriculture development. Ethiopia in 2013 plans to continue construction of its Grand Renassiance Dam on the Nile-the controversial multi-billion dollar effort to develop electricity for domestic consumption and export.
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$103.1 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
$96.39 billion (2011 est.)
$89.67 billion (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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$41.89 billion (2012 est.)
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7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
7.5% (2011 est.)
8% (2010 est.)
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$1,200 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 211
$1,100 (2011 est.)
$1,100 (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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agriculture: 46.6%
industry:
14.6%
services:
38.8% (2012 est.)
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37.9 million (2007)
country comparison to the world: 17
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agriculture: 85%
industry:
5%
services:
10% (2009 est.)
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NA%
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29.2% (FY09/10 est.)
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lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%:
25.6% (2005)
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30 (2000)
country comparison to the world: 117
40 (1995)
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22.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
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revenues: $6.079 billion
expenditures:
$7.219 billion (2012 est.)
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14.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
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-2.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
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44.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
44.7% of GDP (2011 est.)
note:
official data cover central government debt, including debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury and treasury debt owned by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
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21.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 218
33% (2011 est.)
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NA%
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14.5% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
16% (31 December 2011 est.)
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$7.851 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
$6.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$13.35 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
$11.51 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$13.91 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
$11.99 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$NA
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cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, khat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish
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9.5% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
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-$2.95 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
-$1.965 billion (2011 est.)
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$3.163 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
$2.957 billion (2011 est.)
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coffee, khat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds
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Germany 14.2%, China 12.2%, Belgium 7.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.8%, US 6.3%, Italy 5.1% (2011)
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$10.6 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
$9.694 billion (2011 est.)
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food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles
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Saudi Arabia 10%, China 9.9%, US 7.6%, India 4.6% (2011)
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$3.024 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
$2.671 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$9.956 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
$8.292 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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birr (ETB) per US dollar -
17.8 (2012 est.)
16.899 (2011 est.)
14.41 (2010 est.)
11.78 (2009)
9.57 (2008)
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8 July - 7 July
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4.039 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
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3.648 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184
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1.18 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
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17.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
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82.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14
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0.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
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0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
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430,000 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
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49,080 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
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42,480 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193
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113 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
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6.74 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
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| Communications ::Ethiopia |
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829,000 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 86
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14.127 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 56
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general assessment: inadequate telephone system with the Ethio Telecom maintaining a monopoly over telecommunication services; open-wire, microwave radio relay; radio communication in the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; 2 domestic satellites provide the national trunk service
domestic:
the number of fixed lines and mobile telephones is increasing from a small base; combined fixed and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 15 per 100 persons
international:
country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)
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1 public TV station broadcasting nationally and 1 public radio broadcaster with stations in each of the 13 administrative districts; a few commercial radio stations and roughly a dozen community radio stations (2009)
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.et
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179 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 204
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447,300 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 119
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| Transportation ::Ethiopia |
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58 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 82
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total: 17
over 3,047 m:
3
2,438 to 3,047 m:
8
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
under 914 m:
2 (2012)
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total: 41
2,438 to 3,047 m:
3
1,524 to 2,437 m:
9
914 to 1,523 m:
22
under 914 m:
7 (2012)
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total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the 781 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad)
country comparison to the world: 102
narrow gauge:
681 km 1.000-m gauge
note:
railway is under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia but is largely inoperable (2008)
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total: 36,469 km
country comparison to the world: 93
paved:
6,980 km
unpaved:
29,489 km (2004)
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total: 8
country comparison to the world: 121
by type:
cargo 8 (2010)
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Ethiopia is landlocked and uses ports of Djibouti in Djibouti and Berbera in Somalia
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Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2011)
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18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2011)
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males age 16-49: 19,067,499
females age 16-49:
19,726,816 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 11,868,084
females age 16-49:
12,889,260 (2010 est.)
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male: 967,411
female:
981,714 (2010 est.)
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1.2% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 118
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| Transnational Issues ::Ethiopia |
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Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia
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refugees (country of origin): 252,338 (Sudan); 44,791 (Eritrea) (2012); 228,645 (Somalia) (2013)
IDPs:
200,000-300,000 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000, ethnic clashes in Gambela, and ongoing Ethiopian military counterinsurgency in Somali region; most IDPs are in Tigray and Gambela Provinces) (2008)
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transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center
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