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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on January 29, 2013 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Click flag or map to enlarge 
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Click map to enlarge
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Poland's history as a state begins near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in central and eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force with over ten million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the Communist era to a close. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.
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Central Europe, east of Germany
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52 00 N, 20 00 E
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total: 312,685 sq km
country comparison to the world: 70
land:
304,255 sq km
water:
8,430 sq km
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slightly smaller than New Mexico
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total: 3,047 km
border countries:
Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 615 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 420 km, Ukraine 428 km
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440 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone:
defined by international treaties
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temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
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mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
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lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
highest point:
Rysy 2,499 m
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coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land
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arable land: 40.25%
permanent crops:
1%
other:
58.75% (2005)
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1,160 sq km (2003)
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63.1 cu km (2005)
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total: 11.73 cu km/yr (13%/79%/8%)
per capita:
304 cu m/yr (2002)
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flooding
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situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to EU code, but at substantial cost to business and the government
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party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
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historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
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| People and Society ::Poland |
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noun: Pole(s)
adjective:
Polish
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Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
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Polish (official) 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
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Roman Catholic 89.8% [about 75% practicing], Eastern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)
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38,415,284 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
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0-14 years: 14.6% (male 2,892,701/ female 2,731,949)
15-64 years:
71.3% (male 13,636,461/ female 13,767,347)
65 years and over:
14% (male 2,066,066/ female 3,320,760) (2012 est.)
population pyramid: 
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total: 38.8 years
male:
37.2 years
female:
40.6 years (2012 est.)
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-0.075% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
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9.96 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
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10.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
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-0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
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urban population: 61% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
-0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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WARSAW (capital) 1.71 million; Krakow 756,000 (2009)
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at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.62 male(s)/female
total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 175
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total: 6.42 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 168
male:
7.12 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
5.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 76.25 years
country comparison to the world: 78
male:
72.31 years
female:
80.43 years (2012 est.)
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1.31 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 211
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7.1% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 76
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2.144 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
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6.62 beds/1,000 population (2008)
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improved:
urban: 96% of population
rural: 80% of population
total: 90% of population
unimproved:
urban: 4% of population
rural: 20% of population
total: 10% of population
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0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148
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27,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
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fewer than 200 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease:
tickborne encephalitis
note:
highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds
(2009)
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18% (2001)
country comparison to the world: 24
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4.9% of GDP (2007)
country comparison to the world: 65
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99.5%
male:
99.7%
female:
99.4% (2010 est.)
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total: 15 years
male:
15 years
female:
16 years (2008)
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total: 20.7%
country comparison to the world: 52
male:
20.2%
female:
21.2% (2009)
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conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form:
Poland
local long form:
Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form:
Polska
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republic
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name: Warsaw
geographic coordinates:
52 15 N, 21 00 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
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16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie, Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie, Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)
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11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: A.D. 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)
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Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
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adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
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civil law system; changes gradually being introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6 August 2010)
head of government:
Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Janusz PIECHOCINSKI (since 6 December 2012)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 June and 4 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm
election results:
Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI 53%, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI 47%
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bicameral legislature consists of an upper house, the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and a lower house, the Sejm (460 seats; members elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the designation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly
elections:
Senate - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015); Sejm - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015)
election results and current seat distribution:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PO 63, PiS 29, PSL 2, SP 2, independents 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 39.2%, PiS 29.9%, RD 10%, PSL 8.4%, SLD 8.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 206, PiS 137, RP 43, PSL 28, SLD 25, SP 19, independent 1, German minority 1
note:
the German minority is exempt from the 5% threshold requirement for seats to the Sejm
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Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)
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Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK, chairman; Rafal GRUPINSKI, parliamentary caucus leader]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Leszek MILLER, chairman, parliamentary caucus leader]; Democratic Party or PD [Brygida KUZNIAK, chairwoman]; Democratic Party or SD [Pawel PISKORSKI, chairman]; German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA, representative]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Mariusz BLASZCZAK, parliamentary caucus leader]; League of Polish Families or LPR [Witold BALAZAK, chairman]; Palikot's Movement or RP [Janusz PALIKOT, chairman]; Poland Comes First or PJN [Pawel KOWAL, chairperson]; Polish People's Party or PSL [Janusz PIECHOCINSKI, chairman; Jan BURY, parliamentary caucus leader]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Wojciech FILEMONOWICZ, chairman]; Union of Labor or UP [Waldemar WITKOWSKI, chairman]; United Poland or SP (political grouping of former PiS members, not officially registered) [Arkadiusz MULARCZYK, chairperson; Patrick HOW, parliamentary caucus leader]
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All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK]; Solidarity Trade Union [Piotr DUDA]
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Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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chief of mission: Ambassador Ryszard SCHNEPF
chancery:
2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
[1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802
FAX:
[1] (202) 328-6271
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
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chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen MULL
embassy:
Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw
mailing address:
American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
telephone:
[48] (22) 504-2000
FAX:
[48] (22) 504-2688
consulate(s) general:
Krakow
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two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field
note:
similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
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white eagle
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name: "Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka)
lyrics/music:
Jozef WYBICKI/traditional
note:
adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as "Jeszcze Polska nie zginela" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied
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Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only country in the European Union to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU everage while unemployment continues to exceed the EU average. The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances without stifling economic growth and adopted controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. Poland's economic performance could improve over the longer term if the country addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure and its business environment. An inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor code, bureaucratic red tape, burdensome tax system, and persistent low-level corruption keep the private sector from performing up to its full potential.
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$802 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$783.6 billion (2011 est.)
$751.1 billion (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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$470.4 billion (2012 est.)
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2.4% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
4.3% (2011 est.)
3.9% (2010 est.)
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$21,000 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
$20,500 (2011 est.)
$19,700 (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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agriculture: 3.5%
industry:
34.2%
services:
62.3% (2012 est.)
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17.92 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
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agriculture: 17.4%
industry:
29.2%
services:
53.4% (2005)
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12.6% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 131
12.4% (2011 est.)
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17% (2003 est.)
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lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%:
27.1% (2009 est.)
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34.2 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 89
31.6 (1998)
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20.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
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revenues: $89.47 billion
expenditures:
$99.54 billion (2012 est.)
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19% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
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-2.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
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53.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
53.4% of GDP (2011 est.)
note:
data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
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3.6% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
4.2% (2011 est.)
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4% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
3.5% (31 December 2009 est.)
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8.6% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
8.47% (31 December 2011 est.)
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$152.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
$137 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$293.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
$252.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$335.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
$295.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$138.2 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 35
$190.2 billion (31 December 2010)
$135.3 billion (31 December 2009)
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potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy
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6.9% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
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-$18.29 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
-$22.25 billion (2011 est.)
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$192.3 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
$193.9 billion (2011 est.)
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machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6%
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Germany 26.8%, UK 6.6%, Czech Republic 6.4%, France 6.3%, Italy 5.5%, Netherlands 4.5%, Russia 4.2% (2011)
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$206.5 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
$208.1 billion (2011 est.)
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machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9%
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Germany 28.7%, Russia 10.3%, Netherlands 5.9%, Italy 5.3%, China 5.3%, France 4.4%, Czech Republic 4.3% (2011)
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$99.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
$97.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$310.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
$318.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$194.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
$190.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$44.89 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
$44.39 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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zlotych (PLN) per US dollar -
3.267 (2012 est.)
2.9639 (2011 est.)
3.0153 (2010 est.)
3.1214 (2009)
2.3 (2008)
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calendar year
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147.5 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
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127.2 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
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7.664 billion kWh (2010)
country comparison to the world: 25
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6.31 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
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33.03 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
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90.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
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2.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 131
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2.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
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19,730 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
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4,520 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
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402,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
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155 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
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462,600 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
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576,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
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45,860 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
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129,800 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
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6.247 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
|
|
|
|
|
|
17.17 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 million cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.79 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
|
|
|
|
|
|
303.7 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.853 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 27
|
|
|
|
|
|
50.16 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 28
|
|
|
|
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|
general assessment: modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market-based competition; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services
domestic:
mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service lags in rural areas
international:
country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
|
|
|
|
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|
state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately-owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately-owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately-owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately-owned local radio stations (2007)
|
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|
|
|
|
.pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
13.265 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
22.452 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
125 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 46
|
|
|
|
|
|
total: 86
over 3,047 m:
5
2,438 to 3,047 m:
29
1,524 to 2,437 m:
37
914 to 1,523 m:
9
under 914 m:
6 (2012)
|
|
|
|
|
|
total: 39
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
17
under 914 m:
21 (2012)
|
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|
|
|
|
6 (2012)
|
|
|
|
|
|
gas 13,860 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km; unknown 35 km (2010)
|
|
|
|
|
|
total: 19,428 km
country comparison to the world: 15
broad gauge:
399 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge:
19,029 km 1.435-m gauge (11,805 km electrified) (2007)
|
|
|
|
|
|
total: 423,997 km
country comparison to the world: 15
paved:
295,356 km (includes 765 km of expressways)
unpaved:
128,641 km (2008)
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|
|
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2009)
country comparison to the world: 28
|
|
|
|
|
|
total: 9
country comparison to the world: 118
by type:
cargo 7, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries:
106 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 34, Cyprus 24, Liberia 13, Malta 21, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Vanuatu 9) (2010)
|
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Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin
|
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Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Aviation Forces, Special Forces (2010)
|
|
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|
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18-28 years of age for male voluntary or compulsory military service; conscription suspended in 2009; reserve obligation to age 50 (2009)
|
|
|
|
|
|
males age 16-49: 9,531,855
females age 16-49:
9,298,593 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
males age 16-49: 7,817,556
females age 16-49:
7,766,361 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
male: 221,889
female:
211,172 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.9% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
|
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|
| Transnational Issues ::Poland |
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as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine
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refugees (country of origin): 14,897 (Russian Federation) (2011)
|
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|
|
despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe
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