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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on January 29, 2013 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in getting the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a "national unity government" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012, and released a second working draft in December 2012. The interim government has proposed national elections be held in 2013.
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Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
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34 00 N, 9 00 E
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total: 163,610 sq km
country comparison to the world: 93
land:
155,360 sq km
water:
8,250 sq km
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slightly larger than Georgia
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total: 1,424 km
border countries:
Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
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1,148 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
12 nm
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temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
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mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
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lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point:
Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
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petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
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arable land: 17.05%
permanent crops:
13.08%
other:
69.87% (2005)
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4,450 sq km (2003)
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4.6 cu km (2003)
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total: 2.64 cu km/yr (14%/4%/82%)
per capita:
261 cu m/yr (2000)
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NA
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toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
Marine Life Conservation
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strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
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| People and Society ::Tunisia |
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noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective:
Tunisian
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Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
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Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight)
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Muslim (Islam - official) 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%
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10,732,900 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
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0-14 years: 23.1% (male 1,278,494/ female 1,197,710)
15-64 years:
69.3% (male 3,670,924/ female 3,769,008)
65 years and over:
7.6% (male 400,525/ female 416,239) (2012 est.)
population pyramid: 
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total: 30.5 years
male:
30.1 years
female:
30.9 years (2012 est.)
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0.964% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
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17.28 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116
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5.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
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-1.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
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urban population: 67% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
1.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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TUNIS (capital) 759,000 (2009)
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at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.96 male(s)/female
total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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56 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 103
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total: 24.98 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 79
male:
28.58 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
21.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 75.24 years
country comparison to the world: 91
male:
73.2 years
female:
77.42 years (2012 est.)
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2.02 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
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6.2% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 100
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1.19 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
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2.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)
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improved:
urban: 96% of population
rural: 64% of population
total: 85% of population
unimproved:
urban: 4% of population
rural: 36% of population
total: 15% of population
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less than 0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
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2,400 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
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fewer than 100 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
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3.3% (2006)
country comparison to the world: 102
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7.1% of GDP (2007)
country comparison to the world: 15
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
74.3%
male:
83.4%
female:
65.3% (2004 census)
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total: 15 years
male:
14 years
female:
15 years (2008)
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total: 30.7%
country comparison to the world: 14
male:
31.4%
female:
29.3% (2005)
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conventional long form: Tunisian Republic
conventional short form:
Tunisia
local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form:
Tunis
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republic
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name: Tunis
geographic coordinates:
36 48 N, 10 11 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)
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20 March 1956 (from France)
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Independence Day, 20 March (1956); Revolution and Youth Day, 14 January (2011)
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1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002; note - the Constituent Assembly formed in October 2011 following the country's political revolution was charged with writing a new constitution
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mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code, and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
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18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months
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note: Tunisia's interim government was appointed in December 2011 and will remain in power pending drafting of a new constitution and holding of general elections in 2013
chief of state:
Interim President Moncef MARZOUKI (since 12 December 2011)
head of government:
Prime Minister Hamadi JEBALI (since 14 December 2011)
cabinet:
Prime Minister JEBALI was asked to form a new government on 14 December 2011
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president elected by Constituent Assembly; election last held on 12 December 2011(next to be held by March 2013); prime minister appointed by the president
election results:
President MARZOUKI elected by Constituent Assembly with 153 of 156 votes
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unicameral Constituent Assembly (217 seats); note - it is unclear as to the legislative role of the Constituent Assembly
elections:
initial election of 217 Constituent Assembly members held on 23 October 2011
election results:
percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - al-Nahda 89, CPR 29, Popular Petition 26, FDTL 20, PDP 16, PDM 5, The Initiative 5, Afek Tounes 4, PCOT 3, other minor parties each with fewer than three seats 20
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Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation
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Afek Tounes [Emna MINF]; al-Nahda (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]; Congress Party for the Republic or CPR [Moncef MARZOUKI]; Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties or FDTL (Ettakatol) [Mustapha Ben JAAFAR]; Democratic Modernist Pole or PDM (a coalition); Democratic Socialist Movement or MDS; Et-Tajdid Movement [Ahmed IBRAHIM]; Green Party for Progress or PVP [Mongi KHAMASSI]; Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mondher THABET]; Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]; Popular Petition (Aridha Chaabia) [Hachemi HAMDI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA]; Progressive Democratic Party or PDP [Maya JERIBI]; The Initiative [Kamel MORJANE] (formerly the Constitutional Democratic Rally or RCD); Tunisian Workers' Communist Party or PCOT [Hamma HAMMAMI]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]
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18 October Group [collective leadership]; Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI]
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ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Tarek AMRI
chancery:
1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone:
[1] (202) 862-1850
FAX:
[1] (202) 862-1858
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chief of mission: Ambassador Jacob WALLES
embassy:
Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis 1053
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[216] 71 107-000
FAX:
[216] 71 963-263
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red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
note:
the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire
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encircled red star and crescent
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name: "Humat Al Hima" (Defenders of the Homeland)
lyrics/music:
Mustafa Sadik AL-RAFII and Aboul-Qacem ECHEBBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
note:
adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates
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Tunisia has a diverse, market-oriented economy, with important agricultural, mining, tourism, and manufacturing sectors but faces an array of challenges in the wake of the country's 2011 revolution. Following an ill-fated experiment with socialist economic policies in the 1960s, Tunisia successfully focused on bolstering exports, foreign investment, and tourism, leading to several decades of strong, sustained GDP growth. Key exports now include textiles and apparel, food products, petroleum products, chemicals, and phosphates, with about 80% of all exports going to the European Union. The tenure of former President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (1987-2011) was marked by increasing cronyism and corruption that stymied economic performance and failed to reduce high unemployment, particularly among younger Tunisians. In January 2011 BEN ALI was overthrown, sending Tunisia's economy into a tailspin. As the economy recovers, Tunisia's government faces challenges reassuring businesses and investors, bringing budget and current account deficits under control, shoring up the country's financial system, bringing down high unemployment, and reducing economic disparities between the more developed coastal region and impoverished interior.
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$104.4 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
$101.7 billion (2011 est.)
$103.5 billion (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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$44.7 billion (2012 est.)
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2.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
-1.8% (2011 est.)
3.1% (2010 est.)
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$9,700 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
$9,500 (2011 est.)
$9,800 (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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agriculture: 8.9%
industry:
29.6%
services:
61.5% (2012 est.)
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4.014 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
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agriculture: 18.3%
industry:
31.9%
services:
49.8% (2009 est.)
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18.8% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
19% (2011 est.)
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3.8% (2005 est.)
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lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%:
31.5% (2000)
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40 (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
41.7 (1995 est.)
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23.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
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revenues: $10.63 billion
expenditures:
$14.43 billion (2012 est.)
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23.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
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-8.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
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52.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
45.1% of GDP (2011 est.)
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5.9% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
3.5% (2011 est.)
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5.75% (31 December 2010 est.)
NA% (31 December 2009 est.)
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7.31% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
6.76% (31 December 2011 est.)
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$13.83 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
$13.16 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$31.06 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$29.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$37.01 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
$34.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$9.662 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 71
$10.68 billion (31 December 2010)
$9.12 billion (31 December 2009)
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olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef, dairy products
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-6.4% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
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-$3.57 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
-$3.331 billion (2011 est.)
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$17.87 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
$17.61 billion (2011 est.)
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clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons, electrical equipment
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France 29.5%, Italy 19.3%, Germany 10.3%, Libya 6.6% (2011)
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$23.49 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
$22.95 billion (2011 est.)
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textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs
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France 21.1%, Italy 17.6%, Germany 8.9%, Spain 5%, China 4.7%, Russia 4.5% (2011)
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$7.424 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
$7.357 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$24.49 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$23.18 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$33.66 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$32.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$345 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
$310 million (31 December 2011 est.)
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Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar -
1.563 (2012 est.)
1.4078 (2011 est.)
1.4314 (2010 est.)
1.3503 (2009)
1.211 (2008)
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calendar year
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14.76 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
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12.75 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
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81 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
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122 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
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3.648 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
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96.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
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1.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
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1.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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70,480 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
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65,960 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
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24,580 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
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425 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
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36,670 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
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88,380 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
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15,270 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
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74,600 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
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2.03 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
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3.28 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
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1.25 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
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65.13 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
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18.72 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
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1.218 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 69
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12.388 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 63
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general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; telephone network is completely digitized; Internet access available throughout the country
domestic:
in an effort to jumpstart expansion of the fixed-line network, the government has awarded a concession to build and operate a VSAT network with international connectivity; rural areas are served by wireless local loops; competition between the two mobile-cellular service providers has resulted in lower activation and usage charges and a strong surge in subscribership; a third mobile, fixed, and ISP operator was licensed in 2009 and began offering services in 2010; expansion of mobile-cellular services to include multimedia messaging and e-mail and Internet to mobile phone services also leading to a surge in subscribership; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached about 125 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 216; a landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; 2 international gateway digital switches
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broadcast media is mainly government-controlled; the state-run Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment (ERTT) operates 2 national TV networks, several national radio networks, and a number of regional radio stations; 1 TV and 3 radio stations are privately-owned and report domestic news stories directly from the official Tunisian news agency; the state retains control of broadcast facilities and transmitters through L'Office National de la Telediffusion; Tunisians also have access to Egyptian, pan-Arab, and European satellite TV channels (2007)
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.tn
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576 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 180
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3.5 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 60
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29 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 119
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total: 15
over 3,047 m:
4
2,438 to 3,047 m:
6
1,524 to 2,437 m:
2
914 to 1,523 m:
3 (2012)
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total: 14
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
5
under 914 m:
8 (2012)
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gas 2,386 km; oil 1,323 km; refined products 453 km (2010)
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total: 2,165 km
country comparison to the world: 68
standard gauge:
471 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge:
1,694 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified) (2008)
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total: 19,232 km
country comparison to the world: 110
paved:
12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways)
unpaved:
6,577 km (2006)
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total: 9
country comparison to the world: 116
by type:
bulk carrier 1, cargo 2, passenger/cargo 4, roll on/roll off 2 (2010)
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Bizerte, Gabes, Rades, Sfax, Skhira
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Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armees Tunisiens, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Tunisian Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Republic of Tunisia Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jamahiriyah At'Tunisia) (2012)
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20-23 years of age for compulsory service, one year service obligation; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service; Tunisian nationality required (2007)
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males age 16-49: 2,846,572
females age 16-49:
2,952,180 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 2,397,716
females age 16-49:
2,484,097 (2010 est.)
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male: 90,436
female:
87,346 (2010 est.)
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1.4% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 106
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| Transnational Issues ::Tunisia |
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none
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