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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on January 29, 2013 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Click flag or map to enlarge 
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| no photos available of Bulgaria |
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The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
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Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey
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43 00 N, 25 00 E
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total: 110,879 sq km
country comparison to the world: 105
land:
108,489 sq km
water:
2,390 sq km
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slightly larger than Tennessee
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total: 1,808 km
border countries:
Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km
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354 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
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temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
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mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast
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lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point:
Musala 2,925 m
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bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
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arable land: 29.94%
permanent crops:
1.9%
other:
68.16% (2005)
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1,020 sq km (2003)
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19.4 cu km (2005)
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total: 6.92 cu km/yr (3%/78%/19%)
per capita:
895 cu m/yr (2003)
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earthquakes; landslides
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air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
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| People and Society ::Bulgaria |
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noun: Bulgarian(s)
adjective:
Bulgarian
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Bulgarian 76.9%, Turk 8%, Roma 4.4%, other 0.7% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian), other (unknown) 10% (2011 census)
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Bulgarian (official) 76.8%, Turkish 8.2%, Roma 3.8%, other 0.7%, other (unknown) 10.5% (2011 census)
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Eastern Orthodox 59.4%, Muslim (Sunni) 7.4%, Muslim (Shia) 0.4%, other (including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, and Judaism) 1.7%, other (unknown) 27.4%, none 3.7% (2011 census)
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7,037,935 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
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0-14 years: 14% (male 506,224/ female 481,049)
15-64 years:
67.4% (male 2,334,394/ female 2,410,167)
65 years and over:
18.6% (male 527,127/ female 778,974) (2012 est.)
population pyramid: 
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total: 42 years
male:
39.8 years
female:
44.2 years (2012 est.)
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-0.796% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 225
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9.2 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205
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14.32 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
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-2.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
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urban population: 71% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
-0.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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SOFIA (capital) 1.192 million (2009)
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at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female
total population:
0.92 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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11 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 152
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total: 16.13 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 105
male:
19.29 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
12.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 73.84 years
country comparison to the world: 113
male:
70.24 years
female:
77.65 years (2012 est.)
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1.43 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
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7.4% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 69
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3.635 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
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6.49 beds/1,000 population (2008)
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improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
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0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
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3,800 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
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fewer than 200 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
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12.4% (2001)
country comparison to the world: 47
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1.6% (2004)
country comparison to the world: 116
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4.1% of GDP (2007)
country comparison to the world: 100
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
98.4%
male:
98.7%
female:
98% (2011)
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total: 14 years
male:
13 years
female:
14 years (2008)
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total: 16.1%
country comparison to the world: 71
male:
17.8%
female:
13.7% (2009)
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conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form:
Bulgaria
local long form:
Republika Balgariya
local short form:
Balgariya
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parliamentary democracy
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name: Sofia
geographic coordinates:
42 41 N, 23 19 E
time difference:
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
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28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya (Sofia), Sofiya-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol
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3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)
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Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)
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adopted 12 July 1991
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civil law
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Rosen PLEVNELIEV (since 22 January 2012); Vice President Margarita POPOVA (since 22 January 2012)
head of government:
Prime Minister Boyko BORISOV (since 27 July 2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV (since 27 July 2009)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 and 30 October 2011 (next to be held in 2016); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results:
Rosen PLEVNELIEV elected president in a runoff election; percent of vote - Rosen PLEVNELIEV 52.6%, Ivailo KALFIN 47.4%; Boyko BORISSOV elected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 162 to 77 with 1 abstention
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unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:
last held on 5 July 2009 (next to be held in mid-2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - GERB 39.7%, BSP 17.7%, MRF 14.4%, ATAKA 9.4%, Blue Coalition 6.8%, RZS 4.1%, other 7.9%; seats by party - GERB 117, BSP 40, MRF 37, ATAKA 21, Blue Coalition 15, RZS 8, independents 2
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independent judiciary comprised of judges, prosecutors and investigating magistrates who are appointed, promoted, demoted, and dismissed by a 25-member Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 members, half of whom are elected by the National Assembly and the other half by the bodies of the judiciary for a 5-year term in office); three levels of case review; 182 courts of which two Supreme Courts act as the last instance on civil and criminal cases (the Supreme Court of Cassation) and appeals of government decisions (the Supreme Administrative Court)
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Agrarian National Union or ANU [Stefan LICHEV]; National Union Attack (Ataka) [Volen SIDEROV]; Blue Coalition [Ivan KOSTOV and Emil KABAIVANOV] (a coalition of center-right parties dominated by UDF and DSB); Bulgarian New Democracy [Borislav RALCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV]; Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISOV]; Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Sergei STANISHEV] (coalition of parties dominated by BSP); Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV]; Gergyovden [Petar STOYANOVICH]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Liberal Initiative for Democratic European Development or LIDER [Khristo KOVACHKI]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National Movement Simeon II or NMS2); New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Order, Law, Justice or RZS [Yane YANEV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF [Emil KABAIVANOV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD [Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Agrarians [Anastasia MOZER]
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Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation
other:
numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas
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Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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chief of mission: Ambassador Elena POPTODOROVA
chancery:
1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 387-0174
FAX:
[1] (202) 234-7973
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
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chief of mission: Ambassador Marcie B. RIES
embassy:
16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1407
mailing address:
American Embassy Sofia, US Department of State, 5740 Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740
telephone:
[359] (2) 937-5100
FAX:
[359] (2) 937-5320
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three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue
note:
the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
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lion
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name: "Mila Rodino" (Dear Homeland)
lyrics/music:
Tsvetan Tsvetkov RADOSLAVOV
note:
adopted 1964; the anthem was composed in 1885 by a student en route to fight in the Serbo-Bulgarian War
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Bulgaria, a former Communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6% annual growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of bank lending, consumption, and foreign direct investment. Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global downturn sharply reduced domestic demand, exports, capital inflows, and industrial production. GDP contracted by 5.5% in 2009, stagnated in 2010, despite a significant recovery in exports, grew 1.7% in 2011, and approximately 1% in 2012. Despite having a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects.
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$103.7 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
$102.7 billion (2011 est.)
$101 billion (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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$50.81 billion (2012 est.)
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1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
1.7% (2011 est.)
0.4% (2010 est.)
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$14,200 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
$14,000 (2011 est.)
$13,500 (2010 est.)
note:
data are in 2012 US dollars
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agriculture: 5.6%
industry:
31.2%
services:
63.2% (2012 est.)
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2.451 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
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agriculture: 7.1%
industry:
35.2%
services:
57.7% (2009)
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9.9% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
9.6% (2011 est.)
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21.8% (2008)
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lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%:
35.2% (2007)
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45.3 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 40
26 (2001)
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20.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
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revenues: $17.19 billion
expenditures:
$17.93 billion (2012 est.)
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33.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
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-1.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
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17.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
16.3% of GDP (2011 est.)
defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds
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2.4% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
4.2% (2011 est.)
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0.03% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
0.22% (31 December 2011 est.)
note:
Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) has had no independent monetary policy since the introduction of the Currency Board regime in 1997; this is BNB's base interest rate
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9.4% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
10.63% (31 December 2011 est.)
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$13.91 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
$12.49 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$37.68 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$34.46 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$37.11 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
$35.56 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$8.253 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 75
$7.276 billion (31 December 2010)
$7.103 billion (31 December 2009)
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vegetables, fruits, tobacco, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets; livestock
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5.9% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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$542.8 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
$502.2 million (2011 est.)
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$27.67 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
$28.12 billion (2011 est.)
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clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels
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Germany 12.2%, Romania 9.7%, Italy 8.7%, Turkey 8.1%, Greece 7.2%, Belgium 5.2%, France 4.3% (2011)
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$30.32 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
$30.86 billion (2011 est.)
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machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials
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Russia 17.8%, Germany 11.1%, Italy 7.2%, Romania 7%, Greece 5.7%, Spain 5.1%, Turkey 4.6% (2011)
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$17.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$17.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$43.24 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
$47.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$52.29 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
$51.19 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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$1.893 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
$1.823 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
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leva (BGN) per US dollar -
1.533 (2012 est.)
1.4053 (2011 est.)
1.4774 (2010 est.)
1.404 (2009)
1.3171 (2008)
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calendar year
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41.9 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
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28.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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12 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
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1.166 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
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12 million kW (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
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46.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
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20.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11
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22.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
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1.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
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1,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
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0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
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123,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
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15 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
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120,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
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112,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
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78,180 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
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29,940 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
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68,000 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
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2.17 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
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2.48 billion cu m (2010)
country comparison to the world: 46
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5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
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42.17 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
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| Communications ::Bulgaria |
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2.356 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 54
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10.475 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 73
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general assessment: inherited an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are connected by digital microwave radio relay
domestic:
the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, has reached 150 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2011)
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4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately-owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations broadcasting, especially in urban areas (2010)
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.bg
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976,277 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 47
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3.395 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 63
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| Transportation ::Bulgaria |
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202 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 28
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total: 124
over 3,047 m:
2
2,438 to 3,047 m:
17
1,524 to 2,437 m:
15
under 914 m:
90 (2012)
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total: 78
914 to 1,523 m:
6
under 914 m:
72 (2012)
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2 (2012)
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gas 2,844 km; oil 346 km; refined products 156 km (2010)
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total: 4,152 km
country comparison to the world: 40
standard gauge:
4,072 km 1.435-m gauge (2,863 km electrified)
narrow gauge:
80 km 0.760-m gauge (2011)
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total: 19,512 km
country comparison to the world: 109
paved:
19,235 km (includes 458 km of expressways)
unpaved:
277 km
note:
does not include Category IV local roads (2011)
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470 km (2009)
country comparison to the world: 84
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total: 22
country comparison to the world: 93
by type:
bulk carrier 9, cargo 8, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned:
14 (Germany 12, Russia 2)
registered in other countries:
30 (Belize 1, Comoros 4, Georgia 1, Malta 8, Moldova 1, Panama 6, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9) (2010)
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Burgas, Varna
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Bulgarian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Bulgarski Voennovazdyshni Sily, BVVS) (2011)
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18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in January 2008; service obligation 6-9 months (2010)
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males age 16-49: 1,637,470
females age 16-49:
1,621,352 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 1,320,955
females age 16-49:
1,337,616 (2010 est.)
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male: 33,444
female:
32,075 (2010 est.)
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2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
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| Transnational Issues ::Bulgaria |
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none
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major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions (2008)
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