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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on June 14, 2011 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Click flag or map to enlarge 
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Click map to enlarge
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| Introduction ::Montenegro |
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The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
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Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
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42 30 N, 19 18 E
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total: 13,812 sq km
country comparison to the world: 161
land:
13,452 sq km
water:
360 sq km
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slightly smaller than Connecticut
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total: 625 km
border countries:
Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km
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293.5 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf:
defined by treaty
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Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
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highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
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lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point:
Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
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bauxite, hydroelectricity
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arable land: 13.7%
permanent crops:
1%
other:
85.3%
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22 sq km (2008)
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destructive earthquakes
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pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
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party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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strategic location along the Adriatic coast
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661,807 (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
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0-14 years: 15.5% (male 50,060/female 52,823)
15-64 years:
71% (male 244,057/female 225,620)
65 years and over:
13.5% (male 35,551/female 53,696) (2011 est.)
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total: 37.8 years
male:
36.5 years
female:
39.2 years (2011 est.)
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-0.705% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 227
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11 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
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8.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
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urban population: 61% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
0.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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PODGORICA (capital) 144,000 (2009)
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at birth: 1.072 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
0.95 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.67 male(s)/female
total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease:
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)
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improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 96% of population
total: 98% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 4% of population
total: 2% of population (2008)
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improved:
urban: 96% of population
rural: 86% of population
total: 92% of population
unimproved:
urban: 4% of population
rural: 14% of population
total: 8% of population (2008)
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noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective:
Montenegrin
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Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)
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Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim 17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003 census)
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Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified 3.7% (2003 census)
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NA
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NA
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form:
Montenegro
local long form:
none
local short form:
Crna Gora
former:
People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
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republic
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name: Podgorica
geographic coordinates:
42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
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21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
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3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
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National Day, 13 July (1878)
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approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)
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civil law
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008)
head of government:
Prime Minister Igor LUKSIC (since 29 December 2010)
cabinet:
Ministries act as cabinet
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008 (next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly
election results:
Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip VUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%, Srdan MILIC 11.9%
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unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms; note - seats increased from 74 seats in 2006)
elections:
last held on 29 March 2009 (next to be held in 2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 51.94%, SNP 16.83%, NOVA 9.22%, PZP 6.03%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 15.98%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 48, SNP 16, NOVA 8, PZP 5, Albanian minority parties 4
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Constitutional Court (five judges serve nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
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Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], Bosniak Party of BS [Rafet HUSOVIC], and Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARDHIJ]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSHA]; For a Different Montenegro (bloc) [Goran BATRICEVIC] (includes Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC] and Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]); FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; National Coalition (includes People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC] and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]
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CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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chief of mission: Ambassador Srdjan DARMANOVIC
chancery:
1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone:
[1] (202) 234-6108
FAX:
[1] (202) 234-6109
consulate(s) general:
New York
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Benjamin LOWENTHAL
embassy:
Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[382] 81 225 417
FAX:
[382] 81 241 358
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a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
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name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
lyrics/music:
Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
note:
adopted 2004; the anthem's music is based on a Montenegrin folk song
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Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, adopted the Deutchmark, then the euro - rather than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization and signed a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in October 2007. The European Council granted candidate country status to Montenegro at the December 2010 session. Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The global financial crisis has had a significant negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports.
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$6.724 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
$6.653 billion (2009 est.)
$7.055 billion (2008 est.)
note:
data are in 2010 US dollars
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$4.017 billion (2010 est.)
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1.1% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
-5.7% (2009 est.)
6.9% (2008 est.)
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$10,100 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
$9,900 (2009 est.)
$10,400 (2008 est.)
note:
data are in 2010 US dollars
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agriculture: NA%
industry:
NA%
services:
NA%
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259,100 (2004)
country comparison to the world: 167
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agriculture: 2%
industry:
30%
services:
68% (2004 est.)
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14.7% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148
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7% (2007 est.)
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30 (2003)
country comparison to the world: 114
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30.5% of GDP (2006 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
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revenues: $NA
expenditures:
$NA
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38% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 80
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3.4% (2007)
country comparison to the world: 96
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9.36% (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
9.24% (31 December 2008 est.)
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$816.8 million (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 145
$1.172 billion (31 December 2007)
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$1.406 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 150
$1.446 billion (31 December 2007)
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$3.29 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 117
$3.771 billion (31 December 2008)
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$4.289 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 91
$2.863 billion (31 December 2008)
$3.699 billion (31 December 2007)
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tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheep
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steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
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2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
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18.6 million kWh (2005)
country comparison to the world: 206
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0 kWh (2005)
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NA kWh (2005)
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
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5,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
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313.6 bbl/day (2005)
country comparison to the world: 128
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6,093 bbl/day (2005)
country comparison to the world: 153
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0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
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NA cu m
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0 cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
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$-1.102 billion (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
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$171.3 million (2003)
country comparison to the world: 183
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Italy 29.52%, Greece 22.65%, Slovenia 11.83%, Hungary 8.96%, US 7.93% (2009)
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$601.7 million (2003)
country comparison to the world: 185
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Italy 17.54%, Slovenia 14.62%, Germany 10.5%, Austria 7.82%, China 7.82%, Russia 4.4%, Hungary 4.11%, Greece 4.11%, Netherlands 4% (2009)
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$NA
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$650 million (2006)
country comparison to the world: 157
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euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.755 (2010)
0.72 (2009)
0.6827 (2008)
0.7345 (2007)
0.7964 (2006)
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| Communications ::Montenegro |
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366,600 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 107
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752,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 151
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general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites
domestic:
GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing
international:
country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
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state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial television networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; roughly a dozen privately-owned TV broadcasters operate networks nationally, regionally, and locally; in addition to the 2 state-owned national radio networks, roughly 50 privately-owned radio stations and networks broadcast (2007)
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.me
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6,247 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 137
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280,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 133
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| Transportation ::Montenegro |
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5 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 180
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total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m:
2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
under 914 m:
1 (2010)
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total: 1
914 to 1,523 m:
1 (2010)
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1 (2010)
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total: 250 km
country comparison to the world: 124
standard gauge:
250 km 1.435-m gauge (169 km electrified) (2010)
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total: 7,624 km
country comparison to the world: 145
paved:
5,097 km
unpaved:
2,527 km (2010)
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total: 2
country comparison to the world: 145
by type:
cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries:
5 (Bahamas 2, Honduras 2, Slovakia 1) (2010)
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Bar
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Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2011)
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compulsory national military service abolished August 2006
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males age 16-49: 149,159
females age 16-49:
131,823 (2010 est.)
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male: 3,120
female:
3,677 (2010 est.)
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| Transnational Issues ::Montenegro |
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none
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refugees (country of origin): 7,000 (Kosovo); note - mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999
IDPs:
16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004) (2007)
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