Field Listing :: Political pressure groups and leaders

This entry includes a listing of a country's political, social, labor, or religious organizations that are involved in politics, or that exert political pressure, but whose leaders do not stand for legislative election. International movements or organizations are generally not listed.

Country	Political pressure groups and leaders

Afghanistan	other: religious groups, tribal leaders, ethnically based groups, Taliban

Albania	Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU] Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI] Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA] Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO] Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

Algeria	The Algerian Human Rights League or LADDH [Mostefa BOUCHACHI]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]

American Samoa	Population Pressure LAS (addresses the growing population pressures)

Angola

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO] note: FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006; Several factions of FLEC have broken off over the past 30 years, including the FLEC-PM [Rodrigues Mingas], which was responsible for a deadly attack on the Togolese soccer team in 2010

Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [Wigley GEORGE] People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Argentina

Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA) Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association) Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners' association) Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association) Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a union for employed and unemployed workers) General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization) Roman Catholic Church White and Blue CGT (dissident CGT labor confederation) other: business organizations, Peronist-dominated labor movement, Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government), students

Armenia	Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN] Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Aruba	other: environmental groups

Australia	other: business groups, environmental groups, social groups, trade unions

Austria

Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) Federal Economic Chamber Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank) OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action other: three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights

Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Public Forum [Eldar NAMAZOV] Karabakh Liberation Organization Forum of Intelligentsia [Rustam IBRAHIMBEYOV] Public Chamber Republican Alternative (REAL) [Ilgar MAMMADOV] NIDA Youth Movement [Turgut GAMBAR, Zaur GURBANLI] Positive Change Youth Movement [Bakhtiyar HAJIYEV] Ireli Youth Movement [Rauf MERDIYEV] Ol! Youth Movement [Vugar SALAMLI]

Bahamas, The	Friends of the Environment other: trade unions

Bahrain	Sunni: Al-Fatih Awakening Shia: 14 February Revolution Youth Coalition Bahrain Islamic Freedom Movement [Said SHIHABI] Haqq Movement [Hasan MUSHAYMA] Islamic Amal [Muhammad Ali AL-MAHFUDH] Khalas [Abd al-Rauf AL-SHAYIB] Wafa Islamic Society [Abd al-Wahab HUSAYN]

Bangladesh

Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs) Ain o Salish Kendro (Law and Order Center) Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry Odikhar (Human Rights) other: associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; nongovernmental organizations focused on poverty, alleviation, and socioeconomic international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders

Barbados	Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Mary REDMAN] Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Karen BEST] Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, (includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU) [Leroy TROTMAN] Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Linda BROOKS] Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG] National Union of Public Workers [Walter MALONEY]

Belarus

Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs (unregistered) [Sergey MATSKEVICH] Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhana LITVINA] Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] Belarusian Independence Bloc (unregistered) and For Freedom movement [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH] Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR] BPF-Youth [Andrus KRECHKA] Charter 97 (unregistered) [Andrey SANNIKOV] Perspektiva small business association [Anatol SHUMCHENKO] Nasha Vyasna (unregistered) ("Our Spring") human rights center [Ales BYALYATSKI] "Tell the Truth" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV] Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA] Young Belarus (Malady Belarus) [Zmitser KASPYAROVICH] Youth Front (Malady Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH]

Belgium	Federation of Belgian Industries other: trade unions; numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants

Belize	Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Nicole HAYLOCK] Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ] National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]

Benin	other: economic groups; environmentalists; political groups; teachers' unions and other educational groups

Bermuda	Association of Bermuda Insurers and Reinsurers or ABIR [Bradley KADING]; Association of Bermuda International Companies or ABIC [George HUTCHINGS]; Bermuda Employer's Council [Keith JENSEN]; Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Chris Furbert]; Bermuda Public Services Union or BPSU [Kevin GRANT and Ed BALL]; Bermuda Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]

Bhutan	United Front for Democracy (exiled); Druk National Congress (exiled) other: Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community

Bolivia

Bolivian Workers Central or COB Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto or FEJUVE Landless Movement or MST National Coordinator for Change or CONALCAM Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB other: Cocalero groups; indigenous organizations (including Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia or CIDOB and National Council of Ayullus and Markas of Quollasuyu or CONAMAQ); Interculturales union or CSCIB; labor unions (including the Central Bolivian Workers' Union or COB and Cooperative Miners Federation or FENCOMIN)

Bosnia and Herzegovina	other: war veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of missing persons; private media

Botswana	First People of the Kalahari (Bushman organization); Pitso Ya Ba Tswana; Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (Kalanga elites) other: diamond mining companies

Brazil	Landless Workers' Movement or MST other: industrial federations; labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church

British Virgin Islands	The Family Support Network; The Women's Desk other: environmentalists

Brunei	NA

Bulgaria	Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB Podkrepa Labor Confederation other: numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

Burkina Faso

Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB [Tole SAGNON] Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP [Chrysigone ZOUGMORE] Group of 14 February [Benewende STANISLAS] National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB [Laurent OUEDRAOGO] National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL [Paul KABORE] other: watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Burma

Thai border: Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates) National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government in exile) National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups) United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC) Inside Burma: Karen National Union or KNU Karenni National People's Party or KNPP United Wa State Army or UWSA 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement) several other Chin, Karen, Mon, and Shan factions note: freedom of expression has been highly restricted in Burma; the restrictions are being relaxed by the government; political groups, other than parties approved by the government, are limited in number

Burundi	Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC [Pacifique NININAHAZWE] (civil society umbrella organization) Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption et les malversations economiques or OLUCOME [Gabriel RUFYIRI] (anti-corruption pressure group) other: Hutu and Tutsi militias (loosely organized)

Cabo Verde	other: environmentalists; political pressure groups

Cambodia	Cambodian Freedom Fighters or CFF Partnership for Transparency Fund or PTF (anti-corruption organization) Students Movement for Democracy The Committee for Free and Fair Elections or Comfrel other: human rights organizations; vendors

Cameroon	Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president] Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]

Canada	other: agricultural sector; automobile industry; business groups; chemical industry; commercial banks; communications sector; energy industry; environmentalists; public administration groups; steel industry; trade unions

Cayman Islands	Coalition for Cayman or C4C National People's Alliance or PNA National Trust other: environmentalists

Central African Republic	NA

Chad	rebel groups

Chile	Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations other: university student federations at all major universities

China	no substantial political opposition groups exist

Christmas Island	none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands	The Cocos Islands Youth Support Centre

Colombia	Central Union of Workers or CUT Colombian Confederation of Workers or CTC General Confederation of Workers or CGT National Liberation Army or ELN Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC note: FARC and ELN are the two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia

Comoros	other: environmentalists

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

FARDC (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) - Army of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which commits atrocities on citizens FDLR (Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda) - Rwandan militia group made up of some of the perpetrators of Rwanda's Genocide in 1994 CNDP (National Congress for the Defense of the People) - mainly Congolese Tutsis who want refugees returned and more representation in government M23 - rebel group comprised largely from ex-CNDP forces

Congo, Republic of the	Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

Cook Islands	Reform Conference (lobby for political system changes) other: various groups lobbying for political change

Costa Rica

Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate) Chamber of Coffee Growers Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate) Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate) Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO Costa Rican Solidarity Movement Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP National Association for Economic Development or ANFE National Association of Educators or ANDE National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate)

Cote d'Ivoire	Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Serges KOFFI] National Congress for the Resistance and Democracy or CNRD [Bernard DADIE] Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alphonse DJEDJE MADY] Young Patriots [Charles BLE GOUDE]

Croatia	other: human rights groups

Cuba	Human Rights Watch National Association of Small Farmers

Cyprus	Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West) Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)

Czech Republic	Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Jaroslav ZAVADIL]

Denmark

Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [President Jorn Neergaard LARSEN] Confederation of Danish Industries [CEO Karsten DYBVAD] Confederation of Danish Labor Unions (Landsorganisationen) or LO [President Harald BORSTING] Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ] DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP] Danish Society for Nature Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN] other: environmental groups; humanitarian relief; development assistance; human rights NGOs

Djibouti	NA

Dominica	Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Dominican Republic	Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania) Collective of Popular Organizations or COP Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice or FINJUS

Ecuador	Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Humberto CHOLANGO] Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN, president] National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN National Teacher's Union or UNE [Mariana PALLASCO]

Egypt	NA

El Salvador

labor organizations: Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL business organizations: National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

Equatorial Guinea	ASODEGUE (Madrid-based pressure group for democratic reform) EG Justice (US-based anti-corruption group)

Eritrea

Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Eritrean Kunama (DMLEK) Eritrean Democratic Alliance (EDA) Eritrean National Congress for Democratic Change (ENCDC) Eritrean National Salvation Front (ENSF) Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development (EIPJD) (includes the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ), Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM), Eritrean Islamic Salvation, and the Eritrean Islamic Foundation) Eritrean People's Democratic Party (EPDP) Red Sea Afar Democratic Organization (RSADO)

Ethiopia	Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)	Falkland Islands Association (supports freedom of the people from external causes)

Faroe Islands	conservationists

Fiji	Group Against Racial Discrimination or GARD [Dr. Anirudk SINGH] (for restoration of a democratic government) Viti Landowners Association

France

Confederation francaise democratique du travail or CFDT, left-leaning labor union with approximately 803,000 members Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres or CFE-CGC, independent white-collar union with 196,000 members Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens of CFTC, independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 132,000 members Confederation generale du travail or CGT, historically communist labor union with approximately 700,000 members Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere or FO, independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF, employers' union with 750,000 companies as members (claimed) French Guiana: conservationists gold mining pressure groups hunting pressure groups Guadeloupe: Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI The Socialist Renewal Movement Martinique: Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM Frantz Fanon Circle League of Workers and Peasants Proletarian Action Group or GAP Reunion: NA

French Polynesia	NA

Gabon	NA

Gambia, The	National Environment Agency or NEA West African Peace Building Network-Gambian Chapter or WANEB-GAMBIA Youth Employment Network Gambia or YENGambia other: special needs group advocates; teachers and principals

Georgia	separatists in the occupied regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Germany	business associations and employers' organizations trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups

Ghana	Christian Aid (water rights) Committee for Joint Action or CJA (education reform) National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights) Oxfam (water rights) Public Citizen (water rights) Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform) Third World Network (education reform)

Gibraltar	Chamber of Commerce Gibraltar Representatives Organization Women's Association

Greece	Civil Servants Confederation or ADEDY [Spyros PAPASPYROS] Federation of Greek Industries or SEV [Dimitris DASKALOPOULOS] General Confederation of Greek Workers or GSEE [Ioannis PANAGOPOULOS]

Greenland	conservationists; environmentalists

Grenada	Committee for Human Rights in Grenada or CHRG New Jewel Movement Support Group The British Grenada Friendship Society The New Jewel 19 Committee

Guam	Guam Commission on Decolonization Guam Federation of Teachers' Union Guam Waterworks Authority Workers We Are Guahan

Guatemala

Alliance Against Impunity or AI (which includes among others Center for Legal Action on Human Rights (CALDH), and Family and Friends of the Disappeared of Guatemala (FAMDEGUA)) Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF (which includes among others the Agrarian Chamber (CAMAGRO) and the Industry Chamber of Guatemala (CIG)) Guatemalan Chamber of Commerce (Camara de Comercio) International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala or CICIG Mutual Support Group or GAM Movimiento PRO-Justicia

Guernsey	Stop Traffic Endangering Pedestrian Safety or STEPS No More Masts [Colin FALLAIZE]

Guinea	National Confederation of Guinean Workers-Labor Union of Guinean Workers or CNTG-USTG Alliance (includes National Confederation of Guinean Workers or CNTG and Labor Union of Guinean Workers or USTG); Syndicate of Guinean Teachers and Researchers or SLECG

Guinea-Bissau	NA

Guyana	Amerindian People's Association Guyana Bar Association Guyana Citizens Initiative Guyana Human Rights Association Guyana Public Service Union or GPSU Private Sector Commission Trades Union Congress

Haiti

Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR] Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH Economic Forum of the Private Sector or EF [Reginald BOULOS] Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers [Patrick NUMAS] Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, or KOREGA The Haitian Association of Industries or ADIH [Georges SASSINE] National Popular Assembly or APN Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE] Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP Protestant Federation of Haiti Roman Catholic Church

Holy See (Vatican City)	none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)

Honduras

Beverage and Related Industries Syndicate or STIBYS Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP General Workers Confederation or CGT Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH National Union of Campesinos or UNC Popular Bloc or BP United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH United Farm Workers' Movement of the Aguan (MUCA)

Hong Kong

Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade Unions or CTU (pro-democracy) [LEE Cheuk-yan, general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Federation of Trade Unions or FTU (pro-China) [CHENG Yiu-tong, executive councilor]; Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China [LEE Cheuk-yan, chairman]; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union [FUNG Wai-wah, president]; Neighborhood and Workers' Service Center or NWSC [LEUNG Yiu-chung, LegCo member] (pro-democracy); Civic Act-up [Cyd HO Sau-lan, LegCo member] (pro-democracy)

Hungary

Air Work Group (works to reduce air pollution in towns and cities) Danube Circle (protests the building of the Gabchikovo-Nagymaros dam) Fourth Republic (Negyedik Koztarsasag) or 4K! (anti-Orban, pro-democracy Facebook movement emerged from a Facebook group, One Million for Freedom of the Press or "Milla," and plans to form a leftist political party) Green Future (protests the impact of lead contamination of local factory on health of the people) Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) Szolidaritas ("Solidarity," formed in October 2011 by three trade unions and an NGO - anti-Orban government) "Egyutt 2014" ("Together 2014," a political electoral alliance bringing together Milla, Szolidaritas, and "Haza es Haladas," an association headed by former PM Gordon BAJNAI, to contest Fidesz and Viktor ORBAN in the 2014 parliamentary elections) Civil Osszefogas Forum ("Civil Unity Forum," nominally independent organization that serves as pro-government mass organization, supporting ORBAN government's policies) environmentalists: Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (Magyar Madartani Egyesulet) or MME Green Alternative (Zold Alternativa)

India

All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group) Bajrang Dal (religious organization) India Against Corruption [Anna HAZAREI] Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization) Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization) other: numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy

Indonesia	Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI

Iran

groups that generally support the Islamic Republic: Ansar-e Hizballah- Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh) Islamic Engineers Society Tehran Militant Clergy Association (MCA; Ruhaniyat) active pro-reform student group: Office of Strengthening Unity (OSU) opposition groups: Freedom Movement of Iran Green Path movement [Mehdi KARUBI, Mir-Hosein MUSAVI] Marz-e Por Gohar National Front various ethnic and monarchist organizations armed political groups repressed by the government: Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) Jundallah Komala Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO) People's Fedayeen People's Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK)

Iraq	Sunni militias Shia militias, some associated with political parties

Ireland

Families Acting for Innocent Relatives or FAIR [Brian MCCONNELL] (seek compensation for victims of violence); Families Against Intimidation and Terror or FAIT (oppose terrorism); Gaeltacht Civil Rights Campaign (Coiste Cearta Sibhialta na Gaeilge) or CCSG (encourages the use of the Irish language and campaigns for greater civil rights in Irish speaking areas); Iona Institute [David QUINN] (a conservative Catholic think tank); Irish Anti-War Movement [Richard BOYD BARRETT] (campaigns against wars around the world); Irish Republican Army or IRA (terrorist group); Keep Ireland Open (environmental group); Midland Railway Action Group or MRAG [Willie ALLEN] (transportation promoters); Peace and Neutrality Alliance [Roger COLE] (campaigns to protect Irish neutrality); Rail Users Ireland (formerly the Platform 11 - transportation promoters); 32 Country Sovereignty Movement or 32CSM (supports a fully sovereign Ireland); Ulster Defence Association or UDA (terrorist group)

Isle of Man	Alliance for Progressive Government or APG (a government watchdog) Mec Vannin (political party advocating a sovereign state and environment policies); note - has only had one member elected to the Tynwald

Israel

B'Tselem [Jessica MONTELL, Executive Director] monitors human rights abuses Peace Now [Yariv OPPENHEIMER, Secretary General] supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip YESHA Council of Settlements [Danny DAYAN, Chairman] promotes settler interests and opposes territorial compromise Breaking the Silence [Yehuda SHAUL, Executive Director] collects testimonies from soldiers who served in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Italy

manufacturers and merchants associations - Confcommercio; Confindustria organized farm groups - Confcoltivatori; Confagricoltura; Roman Catholic Church three major trade union confederations - Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Susanna CAMUSSO] which is left wing; Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNI], which is Roman Catholic centrist; Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] which is lay centrist

Jamaica	New Beginnings Movement or NBM Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Japan	other: business groups; trade unions

Jersey

Institute of Directors, Jersey branch (provides business support) Jersey Hospitality Association [Robert JONES] (trade association) Jersey Rights Association [David ROTHERHAM] (human rights) La Societe Jersiaise (education and conservation group) Progress Jersey [Daren O'TOOLE, Gino RISOLI] (human rights) Royal Jersey Agriculture and Horticultural Society or RJA&HS (development and management of the Jersey breed of cattle) Save Jersey's Heritage (protects heritage through building preservation)

Jordan

15 April Movement [Mohammad SUNEID, chairman] 24 March Movement [Mu'az al-KHAWALIDAH, Abdel Rahman HASANEIN, spokespersons] 1952 Constitution Movement Anti-Normalization Committee [Hamzah MANSOUR, chairman] Economic and Social Association of Retired Servicemen and Veterans or ESARSV [Abdulsalam al-HASSANAT, chairman] Group of 36 Higher Coordination Committee of Opposition Parties [Said DIAB] Higher National Committee for Military Retirees or HNCMR [Ali al-HABASHNEH, chairman] Hirak Jordan Bar Association [Saleh al-ARMUTI, chairman] Jordanian Campaign for Change or Jayin Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood [Dr. Hamam SAID, controller general] Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president] National Front for Reform or NFR [Ahmad OBEIDAT, chairman] Popular Gathering for Reform Professional Associations Council [Abd al-Hadi al-FALAHAT, chairman] Sons of Jordan

Kazakhstan

Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA] Almaty Helsinki Committee [Ninel FOKINA] Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN] For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV] Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Chairman of Bureau's Council, Roza AKYLBEKOVA, director] Khalyk Maidany (Peoples' Front) - an informal union between the unregistered Alga Party, the unregistered Communist Party of Kazakhstan, and several opposition-oriented civil society groups, banned in November 2012 [no formal leader] Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY] Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman] Republican Network of International Monitors [Daniyar LIVAZOV] Transparency International [Sergey ZLOTNIKOV]

Kenya

Council of Islamic Preachers of Kenya or CIPK [Sheikh Idris MOHAMMED] Kenya Human Rights Commission [L. Muthoni WANYEKI] Muslim Human Rights Forum [Ali-Amin KIMATHI] National Muslim Leaders Forum or NAMLEF [Abdullahi ABDI] Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Canon Peter Karanja MWANGI] Roman Catholic and other Christian churches Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY] other: labor unions, Kenya Association of Manufacturers, Kenya Private Sector Alliance

Kiribati	NA

Korea, North	none

Korea, South	Catholic Priests' Association for Justice Citizen's Coalition for Economic Justice Federation of Korean Industries Federation of Korean Trade Unions Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Veterans' Association Lawyers for a Democratic Society National Council of Churches People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy

Kosovo	Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedom (human rights) Organization for Democracy, Anti-Corruption and Dignity Rise! [Avni ZOGIANI] Serb National Council (SNV) The Speak Up Movement [Ramadan ILAZI]

Kuwait	other: Islamists; merchants; political groups; secular liberals and pro-governmental deputies; Shia activists; tribal groups

Kyrgyzstan	Adilet (Justice) Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA] Citizens Against Corruption [Tolekan ISMAILOVA] Coalition for Democracy and Civil Society [Dinara OSHURAKHUNOVA] Kylym Shamy (Torch of the Century) [Aziza ABDIRASULOVA] Precedent Partnership Group [Nurbek TOKTAKUNOV] Societal Analysis Public Association [Rita KARASARTOVA] Union of True Muslims [Nurlan MOTUEV]

Laos	NA

Latvia	Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia [Peteris KRIGERS] Employers' Confederation of Latvia [Vitalijs GAVRILOVS] Farmers' Parliament [Juris LAZDINS]

Lebanon	Maronite Church [Patriarch Bishara al-Ra'i] other: note - most sects retain militias and a number of militant groups operate in Palestinian refugee camps

Lesotho	Media Institute of Southern Africa, Lesotho chapter [Tsebo MATŠASA] (pushes for media freedom)

Liberia	other: demobilized former military officers

Libya	NA

Liechtenstein	NA

Luxembourg

ABBL (bankers' association) ALEBA (financial sector trade union) Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers) CEP (professional sector chamber) CGFP (trade union representing civil service) Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce) Chamber of Artisans (Chambre des Metiers) FEDIL (federation of industrialists) Greenpeace (environment protection) LCGP (center-right trade union) Mouvement Ecologique (environment protection) OGBL (center-left trade union)

Macau	Civic Power [Agnes LAM lok-fong] Democratic Action [LEE Kin-yun] Bar-Bending Workers' Association {WONG Wai-Man] Macau New Chinese Youth Association [LEONG Sin-man] Macau Society of Tourism and Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO] Macau Worker's Union [HO Heng-kuok] New Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]

Macedonia	Federation of Free Trade Unions [Mirjana ANDREVSKA] Federation of Trade Unions [Zivko MITREVSKI] Trade Union of Education, Science and Culture [Jakim NEDELKOV]

Madagascar	Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy] National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Malawi	Council for NGOs in Malawi or CONGOMA (human rights, democracy, and development) Human Rights Consultative Committee or HRCC (human rights) Malawi Economic Justice Network or MEJN (pro economic growth, development, government accountability) Malawi Law Society (an umbrella organization of all lawyers in Malawi) Public Affairs Committee or PAC (promotes democracy, development, peace and unity)

Malaysia	Bar Council BERSIH (electoral reform coalition) PEMBELA (Muslim NGO coalition) PERKASA (defense of Malay rights) other: religious groups; women's groups; youth groups

Maldives	other: various unregistered political parties

Mali	other: the army; Islamic authorities; state-run cotton company CMDT

Malta	Alliance of Liberal Democrats Malta (Alleanza Liberali-Demokratika Malta) of ALDM (for divorce, abortion, gay marriage, women's rights) Together for a Better Environment (Flimkien Ghal-Ambjent Ahjar) or FAA (pro-environment) other: environmentalists

Marshall Islands	NA

Mauritania	General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general] Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE] Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general] other: Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; Islamists

Mauritius	other: various labor unions

Mexico

Businessmen's Coordinating Council or CCE Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations or COECE Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES National Chamber of Transformation Industries or CANACINTRA National Peasant Confederation or CNC National Small Business Chamber or CANACOPE National Syndicate of Education Workers or SNTE National Union of Workers or UNT Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca or APPO Roman Catholic Church

Micronesia, Federated States of	NA

Moldova	NA

Monaco	NA

Mongolia	other: human rights groups; women's groups

Montenegro	NA

Montserrat	NA

Morocco	Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI] General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL] Justice and Charity Organization or JCO Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI] National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI] Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

Mozambique	Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]

Namibia	National Society for Human Rights or NSHR (NAMRIGHTS as of 2010) various labor unions

Nauru	Woman Information and News Agency (women's issues)

Nepal	other: small armed groups along the southern border with India; a variety of groups advocating regional autonomy for individual ethnic groups

Netherlands	Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Jaap SMIT] Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Bernard WIENTJES] Federation for Small and Medium-sized businesses or MKB [Hans BIESHEUVEL] Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV [Ton HEERTS] Social Economic Council or SER [Wiebe DRAIJER] Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or MHP [Reginald VISSER]

New Caledonia	NA

New Zealand	Women's Electoral Lobby or WEL other: apartheid groups; civil rights groups; farmers groups; Maori; nuclear weapons groups; women's rights groups

Nicaragua

National Workers Front or FNT (a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including: Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN) Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT (an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including: Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS) Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN (an independent labor union) Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP (a confederation of business groups)

Niger	The Nigerien Movement for Justice or MNJ, a predominantly Tuareg rebel group

Nigeria

Academic Staff Union for Universities or ASUU Campaign for Democracy or CD Civil Liberties Organization or CLO Committee for the Defense of Human Rights or CDHR Constitutional Right Project or CRP Human Right Africa National Association of Democratic Lawyers or NADL National Association of Nigerian Students or NANS Nigerian Bar Association or NBA Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC Nigerian Medical Association or NMA the press Universal Defenders of Democracy or UDD

Niue	NA

Norfolk Island	none

Northern Mariana Islands	NA

Norway	Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (Naeringslivets Hovedorganisasjon) or NHO [President Kristin SKOGEN LUND; CEO John Gordon BERNANDER] Norwegian Association of the Disabled Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge) or LO [Roar FLATHEN] other: environmental groups; media; digital privacy movements

Oman	none

Pakistan	other: military (most important political force); ulema (clergy); landowners; industrialists; small merchants

Palau	NA

Panama

Chamber of Commerce Concertacion Nacional (mechanism for government of Panama to formally dialogue with representatives of civil society) National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS) Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Papua New Guinea	Centre for Environment Law and Community Rights or Celcor [Damien ASE] Community Coalition Against Corruption National Council of Women Transparency International PNG

Paraguay	Ahorristas Estafados or AE National Coordinating Board of Campesino Organizations or MCNOC [Luis AGUAYO] National Federation of Campesinos or FNC [Odilon ESPINOLA] National Workers Central or CNT [Secretary General Juan TORRALES] Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT Roman Catholic Church Unitary Workers Central or CUT [Jorge Guzman ALVARENGA Malgarejo]

Peru	General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN] Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

Philippines	Black and White Movement [Vicente ROMANO] Kilosbayan [Jovito SALONGA]

Pitcairn Islands	none

Poland	All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ] Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK] Solidarity Trade Union [Piotr DUDA]

Portugal

Armed Forces Officers' Association (AOFA) [Colonel Pereira CRACEL] the Desperate Generation (youth movement protesting against low wages, precarious labor conditions, and unemployment) the General Workers Union or General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (UGT) [Joao PROENCA] Portuguese National Workers' Conference (CGTP) [Armenio CARLOS] TugaLeaks (a website that has become a mouthpiece for publicizing diverse protest action) other: the media; labor unions

Puerto Rico	Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros) note: the following radical groups are considered dormant by Federal law enforcement: Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN, Armed Forces of Popular Resistance, Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Qatar	none

Romania	other: various human rights and professional associations

Russia

Association of Citizens with Initiative of Russia (TIGR) Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR) Federation of Independent Labor Unions of Russia Freedom of Choice Interregional Organization of Automobilists Glasnost Defense Foundation Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights Greenpeace Russia Human Rights Watch (Russian chapter) Institute for Collective Action Memorial (human rights group) Movement Against Illegal Migration Pamjat (preservation of historical monuments and recording of history) PARNAS Russian Orthodox Church Russian Federation of Car Owners Russian-Chechen Friendship Society Solidarnost SOVA Analytical-Information Center Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers World Wildlife Fund (Russian chapter)

Rwanda	IBUKA (association of genocide survivors)

Saint Barthelemy	The Marine Reserve (protection of fish) Rotary Club

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha	other: private sector; unions

Saint Kitts and Nevis	NA

Saint Lucia	NA

Saint Martin	NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon	NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	NA

Samoa	NA

San Marino	NA

Sao Tome and Principe	Association of Sao Tome and Principe NGOs or FONG other: the media

Saudi Arabia	Ansar Al Marah (supports women's rights) other: gas companies; religious groups

Senegal	other: labor; students; Sufi brotherhoods, including the Mourides and Tidjanes; teachers

Serbia	1389 (Serbian nationalist movement) Dveri - Movement for the Life of Serbia Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization) SNP NASI (Serbian National Movement NASI)

Seychelles	Roman Catholic Church other: trade unions

Sierra Leone	other: student unions; trade unions

Singapore	none

Slovakia	Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia or ZPS Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic Medical Trade Association or LOZ National Union of Employers or RUZ Slovak Chamber of Commerce and Industry or SOPK The Business Alliance of Slovakia or PAS

Slovenia	Slovenian Roma Association [Jozek Horvat MUC]; various trade and public sector employee unions other: Catholic Church

Solomon Islands	Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM) Malaita Eagle Force (MEF) note: these rival armed ethnic factions crippled the Solomon Islands in a wave of violence from 1999 to 2003

Somalia	other: numerous clan and sub-clan factions exist both in support and in opposition to the transitional government

South Africa	Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary] South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary] South African National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president] note: COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

Spain

Association for Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to supporting victims of the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorist organization) 15-M or 15 May protest movement, which is also known as the Indignados, Spanish for the "indignant ones" (a loose association of grassroots organizations that advocate for greater accountability and transparency in Spanish politics, increased social justice and job creation) Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO. the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO other: business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); university students

Sri Lanka	Buddhist clergy labor unions hard-line nationalist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Sudan	Umma Party [SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi] Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI] Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] Darfur rebel groups including the Justice and Equality Movement or JEM [Jabril IBRAHIM and other factional leaders] and the Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM [various factional leaders]

Suriname	Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE] Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroon [Head Captain WASE] Women's Parliament Forum or PVF [Iris GILLIAD]

Svalbard	NA

Swaziland	Swaziland Democracy Campaign Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions Swaziland Solidarity Network or SSN

Sweden	Children's Rights in Society Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees or TCO Swedish Trade Union Confederation (Landsorganisationen) or LO [Wanja LUNDBY-WEDIN] other: environmental groups; media

Switzerland	NA

Syria	Free Syrian Army National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Oppositon Forces or Syrian Oppositon Coalition [Mu'aaz al-KHATIB] (operates in exile in Cairo) Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Muhammad Riyad al-SHAQFAH] (operates in exile in London) note: there are also hundreds of local groups that organize protests and stage armed attacks

Taiwan

environmental groups independence movement various business groups note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; public opinion polls consistently show a substantial majority of Taiwan people supports maintaining Taiwan's status quo for the foreseeable future; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland China; advocates of eventual unification predicate their goal on the democratic transformation of the mainland

Tajikistan	influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA unregistered Youth Party of Tajikistan [Izzat AMON] unregistered opposition group Guruhi-24 (Group-24) [Umarali QUVVATOV] Vatandor (Patriot) Movement [Dodojon ATOVULLOEV]

Tanzania	Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF Free Zanzibar Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA

Thailand	Multicolor Group People's Alliance for Democracy or PAD United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or UDD

Timor-Leste	NA

Togo	NA

Tokelau	none

Tonga	Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman] Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE]

Trinidad and Tobago	Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin ABU BAKR]

Tunisia	18 October Group [collective leadership] Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI]

Turkey

Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey or TUSKON [Rizanur MERAL] Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN] Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Tayfun GORGUN] Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer Cihad VARDAN] Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugrul KUDATGOBILIK] Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Mustafa KUMLU] Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Umit BOYNER] Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]

Turkmenistan	none

Turks and Caicos Islands	NA

Tuvalu	none

Uganda	Lord's Resistance Army or LRA [Joseph KONY] Parliamentary Advocacy Forum or PAFO National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda or NAWOU [Florence NEKYON] The Ugandan Coalition for Political Accountability to Women or COPAW

Ukraine	Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Aleksandr CHERNENKO] OPORA [Olha AIVAZOVSKA]

United Arab Emirates	NA

United Kingdom	Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Confederation of British Industry National Farmers' Union Trades Union Congress

United States	environmentalists; business groups; labor unions; churches; ethnic groups; political action committees or PACs; health groups; education groups; civic groups; youth groups; transportation groups; agricultural groups; veterans groups; women's groups; reform lobbies

Uruguay	Chamber of Commerce and Export of Agriproducts Chamber of Industries (manufacturer's association) Exporters Union of Uruguay National Chamber of Commerce and Services PIT/CNT (powerful federation of Uruguayan Unions - umbrella labor organization) Rural Association of Uruguay (rancher's association) Uruguayan Network of Political Women other: B'nai Brith; Catholic Church; students

Uzbekistan	there are no significant opposition political parties or pressure groups operating in Uzbekistan

Vanuatu	NA

Venezuela

Bolivarian and Socialist Workers' Union (a ruling party labor union) Confederacion Venezolana de Industriales or Coindustria (a conservative business group) Consejos Comunales (pro-Chavez local cooperatives) FEDECAMARAS (a conservative business group) Union of Oil Workers of Venezuela or FUTPV Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (opposition-oriented labor organization) various civil society groups and human rights organizations

Vietnam	8406 Bloc Democratic Party of Vietnam or DPV People's Democratic Party Vietnam or PDP-VN Alliance for Democracy note: these groups advocate democracy but are not recognized by the government

Virgin Islands	NA

Wallis and Futuna	NA

Western Sahara	none

Yemen	Muslim Brotherhood Women National Committee other: conservative tribal groups; Huthis, southern secessionist groups; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

Zambia	NA

Zimbabwe	Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU] Women of Zimbabwe Arise or WOZA [Jenny WILLIAMS] Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Wellington CHIBEBE]