|
|
| Field Listing :: Independence |
|
|
For most countries, this entry gives the date that sovereignty was achieved and from which nation, empire, or trusteeship. For the other countries, the date given may not represent "independence" in the strict sense, but rather some significant nationhood event such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, fundamental change in the form of government, or state succession. For a number of countries, the establishment of statehood was a lengthy evolutionary process occurring over decades or even centuries. In such cases, several significant dates are cited. Dependent areas include the notation "none" followed by the nature of their dependency status. Also see the Terminology note. |
|
|
|
| Afghanistan
|
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)
|
|
| Albania
|
28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
| Andorra
|
1278 (formed under the joint sovereignty of the French Count of Foix and the Spanish Bishop of Seu d'Urgell)
|
|
| Angola
|
11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
|
|
| Anguilla
|
none (overseas territory of the UK)
|
|
| Armenia
|
21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Aruba
|
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
|
|
| Australia
|
1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies)
|
|
| Austria
|
12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed)
|
|
| Azerbaijan
|
30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)
|
|
| Bahrain
|
15 August 1971 (from the UK)
|
|
| Belarus
|
25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Belgium
|
4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)
|
|
| Belize
|
21 September 1981 (from the UK)
|
|
| Benin
|
1 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
| Bermuda
|
none (overseas territory of the UK)
|
|
| Bhutan
|
1907 (became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king)
|
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992)
|
|
| Botswana
|
30 September 1966 (from the UK)
|
|
| Brazil
|
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
|
|
| Brunei
|
1 January 1984 (from the UK)
|
|
| Bulgaria
|
3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
| Burma
|
4 January 1948 (from the UK)
|
|
| Burundi
|
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
|
|
| Cameroon
|
1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Canada
|
1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)
|
|
| Chad
|
11 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
| Chile
|
18 September 1810 (from Spain)
|
|
| China
|
1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)
|
|
| Cook Islands
|
none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action)
|
|
| Croatia
|
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
|
|
| Cuba
|
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence
|
|
| Curacao
|
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
|
|
| Cyprus
|
16 August 1960 (from the UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are only recognized by Turkey
|
|
| Czech Republic
|
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia); note - although 1 January is the day the Czech Republic came into being, the Czechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the former Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence day
|
|
| Denmark
|
ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under HARALD I Gormson); 5 June 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)
|
|
| Egypt
|
28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956); note - it was ca. 3200 B.C. that the Two Lands of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically
|
|
| Eritrea
|
24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)
|
|
| Estonia
|
20 August 1991 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Ethiopia
|
oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years (may be traced to the Aksumite Kingdom, which coalesced in the first century B.C.)
|
|
| European Union
|
7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the European Union); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)
note: the Treaties of Rome, signed on 25 March 1957 and subsequently entered into force on 1 January 1958, created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community; a series of subsequent treaties have been adopted to increase efficiency and transparency, to prepare for new member states, and to introduce new areas of cooperation - such as single currency; the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007 and entered into force on 1 December 2009 is the most recent of these treaties and is intended to make the EU more democratic, more efficient, and better able to address global problems with one voice
|
|
| Faroe Islands
|
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)
|
|
| Fiji
|
10 October 1970 (from the UK)
|
|
| Finland
|
6 December 1917 (from Russia)
|
|
| France
|
no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)
|
|
| Gabon
|
17 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
| Georgia
|
9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)
|
|
| Germany
|
18 January 1871 (establishment of the German Empire); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991; notable earlier dates: 10 August 843 (Eastern Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 2 February 962 (crowning of OTTO I, recognized as the first Holy Roman Emperor)
|
|
| Ghana
|
6 March 1957 (from the UK)
|
|
| Gibraltar
|
none (overseas territory of the UK)
|
|
| Greece
|
1830 (from the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
| Greenland
|
none (extensive self-rule as part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating to Greenland)
|
|
| Grenada
|
7 February 1974 (from the UK)
|
|
| Guam
|
none (territory of the US)
|
|
| Guernsey
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
| Guinea
|
2 October 1958 (from France)
|
|
| Guinea-Bissau
|
24 September 1973 (declared); 10 September 1974 (from Portugal)
|
|
| Guyana
|
26 May 1966 (from the UK)
|
|
| Haiti
|
1 January 1804 (from France)
|
|
| Holy See (Vatican City)
|
11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Holy See and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over centuries varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to 754
|
|
| Hong Kong
|
none (special administrative region of China)
|
|
| Hungary
|
16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)
|
|
| Iceland
|
1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark; birthday of Jon SIGURDSSON leader of Iceland's 19th Century independence movement)
|
|
| India
|
15 August 1947 (from the UK)
|
|
| Iran
|
1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca. 625 B.C. (unification of Iran under the Medes); ca. A.D. 1501 (Iran reunified under the Safavids); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the Pahlavis)
|
|
| Iraq
|
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government
|
|
| Ireland
|
6 December 1921 (from the UK by treaty)
|
|
| Israel
|
14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
|
|
| Italy
|
17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)
|
|
| Jamaica
|
6 August 1962 (from the UK)
|
|
| Japan
|
3 May 1947 (current constitution adopted as amendment to Meiji Constitution); notable earlier dates: 660 B.C. (traditional date of the founding of the nation by Emperor JIMMU); 29 November 1890 (Meiji Constitution provides for constitutional monarchy)
|
|
| Jersey
|
none (British crown dependency)
|
|
| Jordan
|
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
|
|
| Kazakhstan
|
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Kenya
|
12 December 1963 (from the UK)
|
|
| Kosovo
|
17 February 2008 (from Serbia)
|
|
| Kuwait
|
19 June 1961 (from the UK)
|
|
| Laos
|
19 July 1949 (from France)
|
|
| Latvia
|
4 May 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Lebanon
|
22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
|
|
| Lesotho
|
4 October 1966 (from the UK)
|
|
| Libya
|
24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Liechtenstein
|
23 January 1719 (Principality of Liechtenstein established); 12 July 1806 (independence from the Holy Roman Empire); 24 August 1866 (independence from the German Confederation)
|
|
| Lithuania
|
11 March 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 6 July 1253 (coronation of MINDAUGAS, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)
|
|
| Macau
|
none (special administrative region of China)
|
|
| Macedonia
|
8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)
|
|
| Malawi
|
6 July 1964 (from the UK)
|
|
| Mali
|
22 September 1960 (from France)
|
|
| Malta
|
21 September 1964 (from the UK)
|
|
| Mexico
|
16 September 1810 (declared); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)
|
|
| Moldova
|
27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Monaco
|
1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)
|
|
| Montenegro
|
3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)
|
|
| Namibia
|
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)
|
|
| Nauru
|
31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Nepal
|
1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)
|
|
| Netherlands
|
23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; on 26 July 1581 they formally declared their independence with an Act of Abjuration; however, it was not until 30 January 1648 and the Peace of Westphalia that Spain recognized this independence)
|
|
| New Caledonia
|
none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new referendum is scheduled to take place between 2014 and 2018
|
|
| Niger
|
3 August 1960 (from France)
|
|
| Nigeria
|
1 October 1960 (from the UK)
|
|
| Niue
|
19 October 1974 (Niue became a self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New Zealand)
|
|
| Norway
|
7 June 1905 (Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union)
|
|
| Oman
|
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)
|
|
| Pakistan
|
14 August 1947 (from British India)
|
|
| Palau
|
1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Panama
|
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain on 28 November 1821)
|
|
| Papua New Guinea
|
16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Peru
|
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
|
|
| Philippines
|
12 June 1898 (independence proclaimed from Spain); 4 July 1946 (from the US)
|
|
| Poland
|
11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)
|
|
| Portugal
|
1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)
|
|
| Puerto Rico
|
none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
|
|
| Qatar
|
3 September 1971 (from the UK)
|
|
| Romania
|
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
|
|
| Russia
|
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)
|
|
| Rwanda
|
1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Samoa
|
1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Senegal
|
4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
|
|
| Serbia
|
5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
|
|
| Singapore
|
9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)
|
|
| Slovakia
|
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
|
|
| Somalia
|
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland that became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland that became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic)
|
|
| South Africa
|
31 May 1910 (Union of South Africa formed from four British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State); 31 May 1961 (republic declared); 27 April 1994 (majority rule)
|
|
| Spain
|
1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain
|
|
| Sudan
|
1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)
|
|
| Suriname
|
25 November 1975 (from the Netherlands)
|
|
| Sweden
|
6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)
|
|
| Switzerland
|
1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)
|
|
| Syria
|
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
|
|
| Tajikistan
|
9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Tanzania
|
26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent on 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent on 10 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October 1964
|
|
| Thailand
|
1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)
|
|
| Timor-Leste
|
28 November 1975 (independence proclaimed from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence
|
|
| Togo
|
27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
|
|
| Tokelau
|
none (territory of New Zealand)
|
|
| Tonga
|
4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
|
|
| Tunisia
|
20 March 1956 (from France)
|
|
| Turkey
|
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
| Tuvalu
|
1 October 1978 (from the UK)
|
|
| Uganda
|
9 October 1962 (from the UK)
|
|
| Ukraine
|
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus), 1648 (establishment of Cossack Hetmanate)
|
|
| United Kingdom
|
12 April 1927 (Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act establishes current name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); notable earlier dates: 927 (minor English kingdoms united); 3 March 1284 (enactment of the Statute of Rhuddlan uniting England and Wales); 1536 (Act of Union formally incorporates England and Wales); 1 May 1707 (Acts of Union formally unite England and Scotland as Great Britain); 1 January 1801 (Acts of Union formally unite Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland); 6 December 1921 (Anglo-Irish Treaty formalizes partition of Ireland; six counties remain part of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland)
|
|
| United States
|
4 July 1776 (declared); 3 September 1783 (recognized by Great Britain)
|
|
| Uruguay
|
25 August 1825 (from Brazil)
|
|
| Uzbekistan
|
1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
|
| Vanuatu
|
30 July 1980 (from France and the UK)
|
|
| Vietnam
|
2 September 1945 (from France)
|
|
| Yemen
|
22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen became independent in November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and became a republic with the overthrow of the theocratic Imamate in 1962; South Yemen became independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)
|
|
| Zambia
|
24 October 1964 (from the UK)
|
|
Central Intelligence Agency
