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  Introduction
  Geography
  People
  Government
  Economy
  Communications
  Transportation
  Military
  Transnational Issues

In general, information available as of 1 January 2003
was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003.


This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003


Map of Iraq

Legend: Definition Definition Field Listing Field Listing Rank Order Rank Order
   Introduction    Iraq
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq became an independent kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of military strongmen have ruled the country since then, the latest being SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait, but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions during the past 12 years resulted in the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. Coalition forces remain in Iraq, helping to restore degraded infrastructure and facilitating the establishment of a freely elected government.
   Geography    Iraq
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
33 00 N, 44 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Middle East
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 437,072 sq km
water: 4,910 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 3,650 km
border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
58 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
continental shelf: not specified
territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Haji Ibrahim 3,600 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 11.89%
permanent crops: 0.78%
other: 87.33% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
35,250 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
dust storms, sandstorms, floods
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf
   People    Iraq
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
24,683,313 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 40.7% (male 5,103,669; female 4,946,443)
15-64 years: 56.3% (male 7,033,268; female 6,855,644)
65 years and over: 3% (male 348,790; female 395,499) (2003 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 19 years
male: 18.9 years
female: 19.1 years (2002)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
2.78% (2003 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
33.66 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.84 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 55.16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 61.09 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 67.81 years
male: 66.7 years
female: 68.99 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.52 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 1,000
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.4%
male: 55.9%
female: 24.4% (2003 est.)
   Government    Iraq
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah
local short form: Al Iraq
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Baghdad
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Revolution Day, 17 July (1968)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
formerly 18 years of age; universal; note - in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, EAPC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria which has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
   Economy    Iraq
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments; Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least $100 billion. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic sanctions, and damage from military action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically reduced economic activity. Although government policies supporting large military and internal security forces and allocating resources to key supporters of the regime have hurt the economy, implementation of the UN's oil-for-food program beginning in December 1996 helped improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. Iraq was allowed to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and some infrastructure spare parts. In December 1999 the UN Security Council authorized Iraq to export under the program as much oil as required to meet humanitarian needs. Oil exports have recently been more than three-quarters prewar level. However, 28% of Iraq's export revenues under the program have been deducted to meet UN Compensation Fund and UN administrative expenses. The drop in GDP in 2001-02 was largely the result of the global economic slowdown and lower oil prices. Per capita food imports increased significantly, while medical supplies and health care services steadily improved. Per capita output and living standards were still well below the prewar level, but any estimates have a wide range of error. The military victory of the US-led coalition in March-April 2003 resulted in the shutdown of much of the central economic administrative structure and the loss of a comparatively small amount of capital plant.
GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $58 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
-3% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 6%
industry: 13%
services: 81% (1993 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
70% (2002 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.5 million (2002 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA%
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA%
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
36.01 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source:
Definition Field Listing
fossil fuel: 98.4%
hydro: 1.6%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
33.49 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.452 million bbl/day (2001 est.); note - production was disrupted as a result of the March-April 2003 war
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
460,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA (2001)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
113.8 billion bbl (January 2002 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.149 trillion cu m (January 2002 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$13 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
crude oil
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
US 60.6%, France 8.5%, Netherlands 7.4%, Italy 5.8% (2001)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$7.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
food, medicine, manufactures
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
France 19.4%, Australia 14.4%, Italy 10.7%, Germany 9.9% (2001)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$120 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$327.5 million (1995)
Currency:
Definition Field Listing
Iraqi dinar (IQD)
Currency code:
Definition Field Listing
IQD
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (2002), 0.3109 (2001), 0.3109 (2000), 0.3109 (1999), 0.3109 (1998), note: fixed official rate since 1982; market rate subject to wide fluctuations
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Iraq
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
675,000 (1997); note - an unknown number of telephone lines were damaged or destroyed during the March-April war
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA; service available in northern Iraq (2001)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: an unknown number of telecommunication facilities were damaged during the March-April 2003 war
domestic: the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; Kuwait line is probably nonoperational
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 19 (5 are inactive), FM 51, shortwave 4 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
13 (1997); note - unknown number were destroyed during the March-April 2003 war
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.iq
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
Definition Field Listing
1 (2000)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12,500 (2001)
   Transportation    Iraq
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1,963 km
standard gauge: 1,963 km 1.435-m gauge (2003)
Highways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,400 km
unpaved: 7,150 km (1996 est.)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing
1,015 km
note: Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft boats; Shatt al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 because of the Gulf war
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km
Ports and harbors:
Definition Field Listing
Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, and Al Basrah have limited functionality
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing
total: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 119,433 GRT/170,221 DWT
ships by type: cargo 9, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 1 (2002 est.)
Airports:
Definition Field Listing
150 (2002); note - unknown number were damaged during the March-April 2003 war
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 77
over 3,047 m: 21
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 9 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 73
under 914 m: 11 (2002)
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 24
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
5 (2002)
   Military    Iraq
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Army, Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard Force, Fedayeen Saddam; note - with the defeat of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003, the data listed in the following entries for Iraq is invalid, but is retained here for historical purposes and until replaced by valid information related to the future Iraqi Government (April 2003)
Military manpower - military age:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 6,339,458 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 3,541,467 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males: 292,930 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$1.3 billion (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA%
   Transnational Issues    Iraq
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
despite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with Iran over maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issues from eight-year war persist; land and Shatt al Arab boundary demarcation put an end to claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands, but no maritime boundary exists with Kuwait in the Persian Gulf; Iraq protests Turkey's hydrological projects to regulate the Tigris and Euphrates rivers upstream

This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003


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