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  Introduction
  Geography
  People
  Government
  Economy
  Communications
  Transportation
  Military
  Transnational Issues

In general, information available as of 1 January 2003
was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003.


This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003


Map of Hungary

Legend: Definition Definition Field Listing Field Listing Rank Order Rank Order
   Introduction    Hungary
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and is scheduled to accede to the EU along with nine other states on 1 May 2004. In an April 2003 referendum, 84 percent voted in favor of joining the EU.
   Geography    Hungary
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Central Europe, northwest of Romania
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
47 00 N, 20 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Europe
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 93,030 sq km
water: 690 sq km
land: 92,340 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2,171 km
border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Slovakia 677 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
none (landlocked)
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
highest point: Kekes 1,014 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 52.2%
other: 45.34% (1998 est.)
permanent crops: 2.46%
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
2,100 sq km (1998 est.)
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
the approximation of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large investments
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions
   People    Hungary
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10,045,407 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 16.1% (male 832,033; female 787,336)
15-64 years: 69% (male 3,406,046; female 3,523,118)
65 years and over: 14.9% (male 544,099; female 952,775) (2003 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 38.4 years
male: 35.7 years
female: 41.1 years (2002)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
-0.29% (2003 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.32 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
13 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 8.58 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 9.73 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 72.17 years
male: 67.84 years
female: 76.81 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.25 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2,800 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 100 (2001 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective: Hungarian
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)
   Government    Hungary
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Hungary
conventional short form: Hungary
local short form: Magyarorszag
local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Budapest
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 20 urban counties* (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city** (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Bekescsaba*, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest**, Csongrad, Debrecen*, Dunaujvaros*, Eger*, Fejer, Gyor*, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Hodmezovasarhely*, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar*, Kecskemet*, Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc*, Nagykanizsa*, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza*, Pecs*, Pest, Somogy, Sopron*, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged*, Szekesfehervar*, Szolnok*, Szombathely*, Tatabanya*, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Veszprem*, Zala, Zalaegerszeg*
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
1001 (unification by King Stephen I)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
rule of law based on Western model
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: Ferenc MADL (since 4 August 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Peter MEDGYESSY (since 27 May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the third round
election results: Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round of voting); Peter MEDGYESSY elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)
election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz/MDF 48.70%, MSzP 46.11%, SzDSz 4.92%, other 0.27%; seats by party - Fidesz 164, MSzP 178, MDF 24, SzDSz 20
elections: last held 7 and 21 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2006)
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE]; Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Laszlo VARGA, chairman]; Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman]; Hungarian Justice and Life Party or MIEP [Istvan CSURKA, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Laszlo KOVACS, chairman]; Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
NA
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
ABEDA, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Andras SIMONYI
chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135
telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Nancy Goodman BRINKER
embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest
mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270
telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400
FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
   Economy    Hungary
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth and to work toward accession to the European Union. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms is widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since 1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 to the second-highest rating among all the Central European transition economies. Inflation and unemployment - both priority concerns in 2001 - have declined substantially. The key short-term issue is the reduction of the public sector deficit from its current 6% of GDP to 4.5% in 2003 and 3% in 2004.
GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $134.7 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.2% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $13,300 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 4.1%
industry: 33.8%
services: 62.1% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
8.6% (1993 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 20.5% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
24.4 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.3% (2002 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.2 million (1997)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
services 65%, industry 27%, agriculture 8% (1996)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.8% (2002 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $13 billion
expenditures: $14.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.1% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
34.39 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source:
Definition Field Listing
fossil fuel: 60.1%
hydro: 0.5%
other: 0.3% (2001)
nuclear: 39%
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
35.15 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
7.261 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
10.43 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
41,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
140,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
47,180 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
136,600 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
110.7 million bbl (January 2002 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
50.45 billion cu m (January 2002 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$31.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and equipment 57.6%, other manufactures 31.0%, food products 7.5%, raw materials 1.9%, fuels and electricity 1.9% (2001)
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 34.9%, Austria 8.7%, Italy 5.9%, US 5.6% (2000)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$33.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and equipment 51.6%, other manufactures 35.3%, fuels and electricity 8.2%, food products 2.9%, raw materials 2.0% (2001)
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 26.4%, Italy 8.3%, Austria 7.9%, Russia 6.8% (2000 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$31.5 billion (2002 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
ODA $250 million (2000)
Currency:
Definition Field Listing
forint (HUF)
Currency code:
Definition Field Listing
HUF
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
forints per US dollar - 257.887 (2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.179 (2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Hungary
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.095 million (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.269 million (July 1999)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: the telephone system has been modernized and is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication service
domestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones
international: Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
35 (plus 161 low-power repeaters) (1995)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.hu
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
Definition Field Listing
16 (2000)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.2 million (2001)
   Transportation    Hungary
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 7,875 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,620 km 1.435-m gauge (2,628 km electrified)
note: Hungary and Austria jointly manage a cross-border, standard-gauge railway connecting Gyor, Sopron, and Ebenfurt (Gysev railroad) with a route length of 101 km in Hungary and 65 km in Austria; 156 km of this line is electrified (2002)
narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge
Highways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 188,203 km
paved: 81,680 km (including 448 km of expressways)
unpaved: 106,523 km (1998 est.)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing
1,373 km (permanently navigable) (1997)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
Ports and harbors:
Definition Field Listing
Budapest, Dunaujvaros
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) 3,784 GRT/5,500 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1
Airports:
Definition Field Listing
49 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 32
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
under 914 m: 8 (2002)
914 to 1,523 m: 16
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
5 (2002)
   Military    Hungary
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Ground Forces, Air Forces
Military manpower - military age:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 2,541,426 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 2,026,912 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males: 64,305 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.75% (2002 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Hungary
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
Hungary has yet to amend status law extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighboring states, who protest the law
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking

This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003


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