Field Listing :: Natural hazards |
This entry lists potential natural disasters. | |
Country |
Natural hazards |
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Afghanistan | damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts |
Albania | destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought |
Algeria | mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season |
American Samoa | typhoons common from December to March |
Andorra | avalanches |
Angola | locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau |
Anguilla | frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October) |
Antarctica | katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf |
Antigua and Barbuda | hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts |
Arctic Ocean | ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May |
Argentina | San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding in some areas |
Armenia | occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts |
Aruba | hurricanes; lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt and is rarely threatened |
Ashmore and Cartier Islands | surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards |
Atlantic Ocean | icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December) |
Australia | cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires |
Austria | landslides; avalanches; earthquakes |
Azerbaijan | droughts |
Bahamas, The | hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage |
Bahrain | periodic droughts; dust storms |
Bangladesh | droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season |
Barbados | infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides |
Belarus | NA |
Belgium | flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes |
Belize | frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south) |
Benin | hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March |
Bermuda | hurricanes (June to November) |
Bhutan | violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season |
Bolivia | flooding in the northeast (March-April) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | destructive earthquakes |
Botswana | periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility |
Bouvet Island | NA |
Brazil | recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south |
British Indian Ocean Territory | NA |
British Virgin Islands | hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October) |
Brunei | typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare |
Bulgaria | earthquakes; landslides |
Burkina Faso | recurring droughts |
Burma | destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts |
Burundi | flooding; landslides; drought |
Cambodia | monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts |
Cameroon | volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes |
Canada | continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains |
Cape Verde | prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active |
Cayman Islands | hurricanes (July to November) |
Central African Republic | hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common |
Chad | hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues |
Chile | severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis |
China | frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence |
Christmas Island | the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard |
Clipperton Island | NA |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands | cyclone season is October to April |
Colombia | highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts |
Comoros | cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Karthala on Grand Comore is an active volcano |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes |
Congo, Republic of the | seasonal flooding |
Cook Islands | typhoons (November to March) |
Coral Sea Islands | occasional tropical cyclones |
Costa Rica | occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes |
Cote d'Ivoire | coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible |
Croatia | destructive earthquakes |
Cuba | the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common |
Cyprus | moderate earthquake activity; droughts |
Czech Republic | flooding |
Denmark | flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes |
Djibouti | earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods |
Dominica | flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months |
Dominican Republic | lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts |
Ecuador | frequent earthquakes; landslides; volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts |
Egypt | periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms; sandstorms |
El Salvador | known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes |
Equatorial Guinea | violent windstorms; flash floods |
Eritrea | frequent droughts; locust swarms |
Estonia | sometimes flooding occurs in the spring |
Ethiopia | geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts |
European Union | flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic |
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) | strong winds persist throughout the year |
Faroe Islands | NA |
Fiji | cyclonic storms can occur from November to January |
Finland | NA |
France |
metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean
overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones); flooding; volcanic activity (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) |
French Polynesia | occasional cyclonic storms in January |
French Southern and Antarctic Lands | Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs |
Gabon | NA |
Gambia, The | drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years) |
Gaza Strip | droughts |
Georgia | earthquakes |
Germany | flooding |
Ghana | dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts |
Gibraltar | NA |
Greece | severe earthquakes |
Greenland | continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island |
Grenada | lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November |
Guam | frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare but potentially destructive typhoons (June - December) |
Guatemala | numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms |
Guernsey | NA |
Guinea | hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season |
Guinea-Bissau | hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires |
Guyana | flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons |
Haiti | lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts |
Heard Island and McDonald Islands | Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island |
Holy See (Vatican City) | NA |
Honduras | frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast |
Hong Kong | occasional typhoons |
Iceland | earthquakes and volcanic activity |
India | droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes |
Indian Ocean | occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches |
Indonesia | occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires |
Iran | periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes |
Iraq | dust storms; sandstorms; floods |
Ireland | NA |
Isle of Man | NA |
Israel | sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes |
Italy | regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice |
Jamaica | hurricanes (especially July to November) |
Jan Mayen | dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970; the most recent eruption occurred in 1985 |
Japan | many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons |
Jersey | NA |
Jordan | droughts; periodic earthquakes |
Kazakhstan | earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty |
Kenya | recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons |
Kiribati | typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level |
Korea, North | late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall |
Korea, South | occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest |
Kuwait | sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August |
Kyrgyzstan | NA |
Laos | floods, droughts |
Latvia | NA |
Lebanon | dust storms, sandstorms |
Lesotho | periodic droughts |
Liberia | dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March) |
Libya | hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms |
Liechtenstein | NA |
Lithuania | NA |
Luxembourg | NA |
Macau | typhoons |
Macedonia | high seismic risks |
Madagascar | periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation |
Malawi | NA |
Malaysia | flooding; landslides; forest fires |
Maldives | tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise |
Mali | hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding |
Malta | NA |
Marshall Islands | infrequent typhoons |
Mauritania | hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts |
Mauritius | cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards |
Mayotte | cyclones during rainy season |
Mexico | tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts |
Micronesia, Federated States of | typhoons (June to December) |
Moldova | landslides |
Monaco | NA |
Mongolia | dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions |
Montenegro | destructive earthquakes |
Montserrat | severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995) |
Morocco | northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts |
Mozambique | severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces |
Namibia | prolonged periods of drought |
Nauru | periodic droughts |
Navassa Island | hurricanes |
Nepal | severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons |
Netherlands | flooding |
Netherlands Antilles | Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October; Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened |
New Caledonia | cyclones, most frequent from November to March |
New Zealand | earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity |
Nicaragua | destructive earthquakes; volcanoes; landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes |
Niger | recurring droughts |
Nigeria | periodic droughts; flooding |
Niue | typhoons |
Norfolk Island | typhoons (especially May to July) |
Northern Mariana Islands | active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November) |
Norway | rockslides, avalanches |
Oman | summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts |
Pacific Ocean | surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December |
Pakistan | frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) |
Palau | typhoons (June to December) |
Panama | occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area |
Papua New Guinea | active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis |
Paracel Islands | typhoons |
Paraguay | local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June) |
Peru | earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity |
Philippines | astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis |
Pitcairn Islands | typhoons (especially November to March) |
Poland | flooding |
Portugal | Azores subject to severe earthquakes |
Puerto Rico | periodic droughts; hurricanes |
Qatar | haze, dust storms, sandstorms common |
Romania | earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides |
Russia | permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia |
Rwanda | periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha | active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha, last eruption in 1961 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | hurricanes (July to October) |
Saint Lucia | hurricanes; volcanic activity |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat |
Samoa | occasional typhoons; active volcanism |
San Marino | NA |
Sao Tome and Principe | NA |
Saudi Arabia | frequent sand and dust storms |
Senegal | lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts |
Serbia | destructive earthquakes |
Seychelles | lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible |
Sierra Leone | dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms |
Singapore | NA |
Slovakia | NA |
Slovenia | flooding; earthquakes |
Solomon Islands | typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis |
Somalia | recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season |
South Africa | prolonged droughts |
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands | the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism |
Southern Ocean | huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue |
Spain | periodic droughts, occasional flooding |
Spratly Islands | typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard |
Sri Lanka | occasional cyclones and tornadoes |
Sudan | dust storms and periodic persistent droughts |
Suriname | NA |
Svalbard | ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic |
Swaziland | drought |
Sweden | ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic |
Switzerland | avalanches, landslides; flash floods |
Syria | dust storms, sandstorms |
Taiwan | earthquakes; typhoons |
Tajikistan | earthquakes; floods |
Tanzania | flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought |
Thailand | land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts |
Timor-Leste | floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones |
Togo | hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts |
Tokelau | lies in Pacific typhoon belt |
Tonga | cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou |
Trinidad and Tobago | outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms |
Tunisia | NA |
Turkey | severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van |
Turkmenistan | NA |
Turks and Caicos Islands | frequent hurricanes |
Tuvalu | severe tropical storms are usually rare, but in 1997 there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level |
Uganda | NA |
Ukraine | NA |
United Arab Emirates | frequent sand and dust storms |
United Kingdom | winter windstorms; floods |
United States | tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development |
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges |
Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of less than 2 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard Midway Islands, Johnston, and Palmyra Atolls: NA |
Uruguay | seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts |
Uzbekistan | NA |
Vanuatu | tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began on 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis |
Venezuela | subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts |
Vietnam | occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta |
Virgin Islands | several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes |
Wake Island | occasional typhoons |
Wallis and Futuna | NA |
West Bank | droughts |
Western Sahara | hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility |
World | large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones); natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions) |
Yemen | sandstorms and dust storms in summer |
Zambia | periodic drought; tropical storms (November to April) |
Zimbabwe | recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare |