MySQL Reference Manual for version 4.0.9-gamma.

• 1 General Information
  • 1.1 About This Manual
    • 1.1.1 Conventions Used in This Manual
  • 1.2 What Is MySQL?
    • 1.2.1 History of MySQL
    • 1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL
    • 1.2.3 How Stable Is MySQL?
    • 1.2.4 How Big Can MySQL Tables Be?
    • 1.2.5 Year 2000 Compliance
  • 1.3 What Is MySQL AB?
    • 1.3.1 The Business Model and Services of MySQL AB
      • 1.3.1.1 Support
      • 1.3.1.2 Training and Certification
      • 1.3.1.3 Consulting
      • 1.3.1.4 Commercial Licenses
      • 1.3.1.5 Partnering
      • 1.3.1.6 Advertising
    • 1.3.2 Contact Information
  • 1.4 MySQL Support and Licensing
    • 1.4.1 Support Offered by MySQL AB
    • 1.4.2 Copyrights and Licenses Used by MySQL
    • 1.4.3 MySQL Licenses
      • 1.4.3.1 Using the MySQL Software Under a Commercial License
      • 1.4.3.2 Using the MySQL Software for Free Under GPL
    • 1.4.4 MySQL AB Logos and Trademarks
      • 1.4.4.1 The Original MySQL Logo
      • 1.4.4.2 MySQL Logos that may be Used Without Written Permission
      • 1.4.4.3 When do you need a Written Permission to use MySQL Logos?
      • 1.4.4.4 MySQL AB Partnership Logos
      • 1.4.4.5 Using the word MySQL in Printed Text or Presentations
      • 1.4.4.6 Using the word MySQL in Company and Product Names
  • 1.5 MySQL 4.x In A Nutshell
    • 1.5.1 Stepwise Rollout
    • 1.5.2 Ready for Immediate Use
    • 1.5.3 Embedded MySQL
    • 1.5.4 Other Features Available From MySQL 4.0
    • 1.5.5 Future MySQL 4.x Features
    • 1.5.6 MySQL 4.1, The Following Development Release
  • 1.6 MySQL Information Sources
    • 1.6.1 MySQL Mailing Lists
      • 1.6.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists
      • 1.6.1.2 Asking Questions or Reporting Bugs
      • 1.6.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems
      • 1.6.1.4 Guidelines for Answering Questions on the Mailing List
    • 1.6.2 MySQL Community Support on IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
  • 1.7 How Standards-compatible Is MySQL?
    • 1.7.1 What Standards Does MySQL Follow?
    • 1.7.2 Running MySQL in ANSI Mode
    • 1.7.3 MySQL Extensions to ANSI SQL92
    • 1.7.4 MySQL Differences Compared to ANSI SQL92
      • 1.7.4.1 SubSELECTs
      • 1.7.4.2 SELECT INTO TABLE
      • 1.7.4.3 Transactions and Atomic Operations
      • 1.7.4.4 Stored Procedures and Triggers
      • 1.7.4.5 Foreign Keys
      • 1.7.4.6 Views
      • 1.7.4.7 `--' as the Start of a Comment
    • 1.7.5 Known Errors and Design Deficiencies in MySQL
  • 1.8 MySQL and The Future (The TODO)
    • 1.8.1 Things That Should be in 4.0
    • 1.8.2 Things That Should be in 4.1
    • 1.8.3 Things That Must be Done in the Near Future
    • 1.8.4 Things That Have to be Done Sometime
    • 1.8.5 Things We Don't Plan To Do
  • 1.9 How MySQL Compares to Other Databases
    • 1.9.1 How MySQL Compares to mSQL
      • 1.9.1.1 How to Convert mSQL Tools for MySQL
      • 1.9.1.2 How mSQL and MySQL Client/Server Communications Protocols Differ
      • 1.9.1.3 How mSQL 2.0 SQL Syntax Differs from MySQL
    • 1.9.2 How MySQL Compares to PostgreSQL
      • 1.9.2.1 MySQL and PostgreSQL development strategies
      • 1.9.2.2 Featurewise Comparison of MySQL and PostgreSQL
      • 1.9.2.3 Benchmarking MySQL and PostgreSQL
• 2 MySQL Installation
  • 2.1 Quick Standard Installation of MySQL
    • 2.1.1 Installing MySQL on Linux
    • 2.1.2 Installing MySQL on Windows
      • 2.1.2.1 Installing the Binaries
      • 2.1.2.2 Preparing the Windows MySQL Environment
      • 2.1.2.3 Starting the Server for the First Time
  • 2.2 General Installation Issues
    • 2.2.1 How to Get MySQL
    • 2.2.2 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL
    • 2.2.3 Which MySQL Version to Use
    • 2.2.4 Installation Layouts
    • 2.2.5 How and When Updates Are Released
    • 2.2.6 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB
    • 2.2.7 Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution
  • 2.3 Installing a MySQL Source Distribution
    • 2.3.1 Quick Installation Overview
    • 2.3.2 Applying Patches
    • 2.3.3 Typical configure Options
    • 2.3.4 Installing from the Development Source Tree
    • 2.3.5 Problems Compiling?
    • 2.3.6 MIT-pthreads Notes
    • 2.3.7 Windows Source Distribution
  • 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing
    • 2.4.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db
    • 2.4.2 Problems Starting the MySQL Server
    • 2.4.3 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
  • 2.5 Upgrading/Downgrading MySQL
    • 2.5.1 Upgrading From Version 4.0 to Version 4.1
    • 2.5.2 Upgrading From Version 3.23 to Version 4.0
    • 2.5.3 Upgrading From Version 3.22 to Version 3.23
    • 2.5.4 Upgrading from Version 3.21 to Version 3.22
    • 2.5.5 Upgrading from Version 3.20 to Version 3.21
    • 2.5.6 Upgrading to Another Architecture
  • 2.6 Operating System Specific Notes
    • 2.6.1 Linux Notes (All Linux Versions)
      • 2.6.1.1 Linux Notes for Binary Distributions
      • 2.6.1.2 Linux x86 Notes
      • 2.6.1.3 Linux SPARC Notes
      • 2.6.1.4 Linux Alpha Notes
      • 2.6.1.5 Linux PowerPC Notes
      • 2.6.1.6 Linux MIPS Notes
      • 2.6.1.7 Linux IA64 Notes
    • 2.6.2 Windows Notes
      • 2.6.2.1 Starting MySQL on Windows 95, 98 or Me
      • 2.6.2.2 Starting MySQL on Windows NT, 2000 or XP
      • 2.6.2.3 Running MySQL on Windows
      • 2.6.2.4 Connecting to a Remote MySQL from Windows with SSH
      • 2.6.2.5 Splitting Data Across Different Disks on Windows
      • 2.6.2.6 Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows
      • 2.6.2.7 MySQL-Windows Compared to Unix MySQL
    • 2.6.3 Solaris Notes
      • 2.6.3.1 Solaris 2.7/2.8 Notes
      • 2.6.3.2 Solaris x86 Notes
    • 2.6.4 BSD Notes
      • 2.6.4.1 FreeBSD Notes
      • 2.6.4.2 NetBSD notes
      • 2.6.4.3 OpenBSD 2.5 Notes
      • 2.6.4.4 OpenBSD 2.8 Notes
      • 2.6.4.5 BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes
      • 2.6.4.6 BSD/OS Version 3.x Notes
      • 2.6.4.7 BSD/OS Version 4.x Notes
    • 2.6.5 Mac OS X Notes
      • 2.6.5.1 Mac OS X Public Beta
      • 2.6.5.2 Mac OS X Server
    • 2.6.6 Other Unix Notes
      • 2.6.6.1 HP-UX Notes for Binary Distributions
      • 2.6.6.2 HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes
      • 2.6.6.3 HP-UX Version 11.x Notes
      • 2.6.6.4 IBM-AIX notes
      • 2.6.6.5 SunOS 4 Notes
      • 2.6.6.6 Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)
      • 2.6.6.7 Alpha-DEC-OSF/1 Notes
      • 2.6.6.8 SGI Irix Notes
      • 2.6.6.9 Caldera (SCO) Notes
      • 2.6.6.10 Caldera (SCO) Unixware Version 7.0 Notes
    • 2.6.7 OS/2 Notes
    • 2.6.8 BeOS Notes
    • 2.6.9 Novell NetWare Notes
  • 2.7 Perl Installation Comments
    • 2.7.1 Installing Perl on Unix
    • 2.7.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
    • 2.7.3 Installing the MySQL Perl Distribution on Windows
    • 2.7.4 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
• 3 Tutorial Introduction
  • 3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
  • 3.2 Entering Queries
  • 3.3 Creating and Using a Database
    • 3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
    • 3.3.2 Creating a Table
    • 3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
    • 3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
      • 3.3.4.1 Selecting All Data
      • 3.3.4.2 Selecting Particular Rows
      • 3.3.4.3 Selecting Particular Columns
      • 3.3.4.4 Sorting Rows
      • 3.3.4.5 Date Calculations
      • 3.3.4.6 Working with NULL Values
      • 3.3.4.7 Pattern Matching
      • 3.3.4.8 Counting Rows
      • 3.3.4.9 Using More Than one Table
  • 3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
  • 3.5 Examples of Common Queries
    • 3.5.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
    • 3.5.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.5.3 Maximum of Column per Group
    • 3.5.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field
    • 3.5.5 Using user variables
    • 3.5.6 Using Foreign Keys
    • 3.5.7 Searching on Two Keys
    • 3.5.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
    • 3.5.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
  • 3.6 Using mysql in Batch Mode
  • 3.7 Queries from Twin Project
    • 3.7.1 Find all Non-distributed Twins
    • 3.7.2 Show a Table on Twin Pair Status
  • 3.8 Using MySQL with Apache
• 4 Database Administration
  • 4.1 Configuring MySQL
    • 4.1.1 mysqld Command-line Options
    • 4.1.2 `my.cnf' Option Files
    • 4.1.3 Installing Many Servers on the Same Machine
    • 4.1.4 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine
  • 4.2 General Security Issues and the MySQL Access Privilege System
    • 4.2.1 General Security Guidelines
    • 4.2.2 How to Make MySQL Secure Against Crackers
    • 4.2.3 Startup Options for mysqld Concerning Security
    • 4.2.4 Security issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL
    • 4.2.5 What the Privilege System Does
    • 4.2.6 How the Privilege System Works
    • 4.2.7 Privileges Provided by MySQL
    • 4.2.8 Connecting to the MySQL Server
    • 4.2.9 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
    • 4.2.10 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
    • 4.2.11 Causes of Access denied Errors
  • 4.3 MySQL User Account Management
    • 4.3.1 GRANT and REVOKE Syntax
    • 4.3.2 MySQL User Names and Passwords
    • 4.3.3 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
    • 4.3.4 Setting Up the Initial MySQL Privileges
    • 4.3.5 Adding New Users to MySQL
    • 4.3.6 Limiting user resources
    • 4.3.7 Setting Up Passwords
    • 4.3.8 Keeping Your Password Secure
    • 4.3.9 Using Secure Connections
      • 4.3.9.1 Basics
      • 4.3.9.2 Requirements
      • 4.3.9.3 GRANT Options
  • 4.4 Disaster Prevention and Recovery
    • 4.4.1 Database Backups
    • 4.4.2 BACKUP TABLE Syntax
    • 4.4.3 RESTORE TABLE Syntax
    • 4.4.4 CHECK TABLE Syntax
    • 4.4.5 REPAIR TABLE Syntax
    • 4.4.6 Using myisamchk for Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
      • 4.4.6.1 myisamchk Invocation Syntax
      • 4.4.6.2 General Options for myisamchk
      • 4.4.6.3 Check Options for myisamchk
      • 4.4.6.4 Repair Options for myisamchk
      • 4.4.6.5 Other Options for myisamchk
      • 4.4.6.6 myisamchk Memory Usage
      • 4.4.6.7 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
      • 4.4.6.8 How to Check Tables for Errors
      • 4.4.6.9 How to Repair Tables
      • 4.4.6.10 Table Optimisation
    • 4.4.7 Setting Up a Table Maintenance Regimen
    • 4.4.8 Getting Information About a Table
  • 4.5 Database Administration Language Reference
    • 4.5.1 OPTIMIZE TABLE Syntax
    • 4.5.2 ANALYZE TABLE Syntax
    • 4.5.3 FLUSH Syntax
    • 4.5.4 RESET Syntax
    • 4.5.5 KILL Syntax
    • 4.5.6 SHOW Syntax
      • 4.5.6.1 Retrieving information about Database, Tables, Columns, and Indexes
      • 4.5.6.2 SHOW TABLE STATUS
      • 4.5.6.3 SHOW STATUS
      • 4.5.6.4 SHOW VARIABLES
      • 4.5.6.5 SHOW LOGS
      • 4.5.6.6 SHOW PROCESSLIST
      • 4.5.6.7 SHOW GRANTS
      • 4.5.6.8 SHOW CREATE TABLE
      • 4.5.6.9 SHOW WARNINGS | ERRORS
  • 4.6 MySQL Localisation and International Usage
    • 4.6.1 The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting
      • 4.6.1.1 German character set
    • 4.6.2 Non-English Error Messages
    • 4.6.3 Adding a New Character Set
    • 4.6.4 The Character Definition Arrays
    • 4.6.5 String Collating Support
    • 4.6.6 Multi-byte Character Support
    • 4.6.7 Problems With Character Sets
  • 4.7 MySQL Server-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.7.1 Overview of the Server-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.7.2 safe_mysqld, The Wrapper Around mysqld
    • 4.7.3 mysqld_multi, A Program for Managing Multiple MySQL Servers
    • 4.7.4 myisampack, The MySQL Compressed Read-only Table Generator
    • 4.7.5 mysqld-max, An Extended mysqld Server
  • 4.8 MySQL Client-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.8.1 Overview of the Client-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.8.2 mysql, The Command-line Tool
    • 4.8.3 mysqladmin, Administrating a MySQL Server
    • 4.8.4 Using mysqlcheck for Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
    • 4.8.5 mysqldump, Dumping Table Structure and Data
    • 4.8.6 mysqlhotcopy, Copying MySQL Databases and Tables
    • 4.8.7 mysqlimport, Importing Data from Text Files
    • 4.8.8 Showing Databases, Tables, and Columns
    • 4.8.9 perror, Explaining Error Codes
    • 4.8.10 How to Run SQL Commands from a Text File
  • 4.9 The MySQL Log Files
    • 4.9.1 The Error Log
    • 4.9.2 The General Query Log
    • 4.9.3 The Update Log
    • 4.9.4 The Binary Update Log
    • 4.9.5 The Slow Query Log
    • 4.9.6 Log File Maintenance
  • 4.10 Replication in MySQL
    • 4.10.1 Introduction
    • 4.10.2 Replication Implementation Overview
    • 4.10.3 How To Set Up Replication
    • 4.10.4 Replication Features and Known Problems
    • 4.10.5 Replication Options in `my.cnf'
    • 4.10.6 SQL Commands Related to Replication
    • 4.10.7 Replication FAQ
    • 4.10.8 Troubleshooting Replication
• 5 MySQL Optimisation
  • 5.1 Optimisation Overview
    • 5.1.1 MySQL Design Limitations/Tradeoffs
    • 5.1.2 Portability
    • 5.1.3 What Have We Used MySQL For?
    • 5.1.4 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
    • 5.1.5 Using Your Own Benchmarks
  • 5.2 Optimising SELECTs and Other Queries
    • 5.2.1 EXPLAIN Syntax (Get Information About a SELECT)
    • 5.2.2 Estimating Query Performance
    • 5.2.3 Speed of SELECT Queries
    • 5.2.4 How MySQL Optimises WHERE Clauses
    • 5.2.5 How MySQL Optimises DISTINCT
    • 5.2.6 How MySQL Optimises LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN
    • 5.2.7 How MySQL Optimises ORDER BY
    • 5.2.8 How MySQL Optimises LIMIT
    • 5.2.9 Speed of INSERT Queries
    • 5.2.10 Speed of UPDATE Queries
    • 5.2.11 Speed of DELETE Queries
    • 5.2.12 Other Optimisation Tips
  • 5.3 Locking Issues
    • 5.3.1 How MySQL Locks Tables
    • 5.3.2 Table Locking Issues
  • 5.4 Optimising Database Structure
    • 5.4.1 Design Choices
    • 5.4.2 Get Your Data as Small as Possible
    • 5.4.3 How MySQL Uses Indexes
    • 5.4.4 Column Indexes
    • 5.4.5 Multiple-Column Indexes
    • 5.4.6 Why So Many Open tables?
    • 5.4.7 How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
    • 5.4.8 Drawbacks to Creating Large Numbers of Tables in the Same Database
  • 5.5 Optimising the MySQL Server
    • 5.5.1 System/Compile Time and Startup Parameter Tuning
    • 5.5.2 Tuning Server Parameters
    • 5.5.3 How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL
    • 5.5.4 How MySQL Uses Memory
    • 5.5.5 How MySQL uses DNS
    • 5.5.6 SET Syntax
  • 5.6 Disk Issues
    • 5.6.1 Using Symbolic Links
      • 5.6.1.1 Using Symbolic Links for Databases
      • 5.6.1.2 Using Symbolic Links for Tables
• 6 MySQL Language Reference
  • 6.1 Language Structure
    • 6.1.1 Literals: How to Write Strings and Numbers
      • 6.1.1.1 Strings
      • 6.1.1.2 Numbers
      • 6.1.1.3 Hexadecimal Values
      • 6.1.1.4 NULL Values
    • 6.1.2 Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names
    • 6.1.3 Case Sensitivity in Names
    • 6.1.4 User Variables
    • 6.1.5 System Variables
    • 6.1.6 Comment Syntax
    • 6.1.7 Is MySQL Picky About Reserved Words?
  • 6.2 Column Types
    • 6.2.1 Numeric Types
    • 6.2.2 Date and Time Types
      • 6.2.2.1 Y2K Issues and Date Types
      • 6.2.2.2 The DATETIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP Types
      • 6.2.2.3 The TIME Type
      • 6.2.2.4 The YEAR Type
    • 6.2.3 String Types
      • 6.2.3.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
      • 6.2.3.2 The BLOB and TEXT Types
      • 6.2.3.3 The ENUM Type
      • 6.2.3.4 The SET Type
    • 6.2.4 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
    • 6.2.5 Using Column Types from Other Database Engines
    • 6.2.6 Column Type Storage Requirements
  • 6.3 Functions for Use in SELECT and WHERE Clauses
    • 6.3.1 Non-Type-Specific Operators and Functions
      • 6.3.1.1 Parentheses
      • 6.3.1.2 Comparison Operators
      • 6.3.1.3 Logical Operators
      • 6.3.1.4 Control Flow Functions
    • 6.3.2 String Functions
      • 6.3.2.1 String Comparison Functions
      • 6.3.2.2 Case-Sensitivity
    • 6.3.3 Numeric Functions
      • 6.3.3.1 Arithmetic Operations
      • 6.3.3.2 Mathematical Functions
    • 6.3.4 Date and Time Functions
    • 6.3.5 Cast Functions
    • 6.3.6 Other Functions
      • 6.3.6.1 Bit Functions
      • 6.3.6.2 Miscellaneous Functions
    • 6.3.7 Functions for Use with GROUP BY Clauses
  • 6.4 Data Manipulation: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
    • 6.4.1 SELECT Syntax
      • 6.4.1.1 JOIN Syntax
      • 6.4.1.2 UNION Syntax
    • 6.4.2 HANDLER Syntax
    • 6.4.3 INSERT Syntax
      • 6.4.3.1 INSERT ... SELECT Syntax
    • 6.4.4 INSERT DELAYED Syntax
    • 6.4.5 UPDATE Syntax
    • 6.4.6 DELETE Syntax
    • 6.4.7 TRUNCATE Syntax
    • 6.4.8 REPLACE Syntax
    • 6.4.9 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax
    • 6.4.10 DO Syntax
  • 6.5 Data Definition: CREATE, DROP, ALTER
    • 6.5.1 CREATE DATABASE Syntax
    • 6.5.2 DROP DATABASE Syntax
    • 6.5.3 CREATE TABLE Syntax
      • 6.5.3.1 Silent Column Specification Changes
    • 6.5.4 ALTER TABLE Syntax
    • 6.5.5 RENAME TABLE Syntax
    • 6.5.6 DROP TABLE Syntax
    • 6.5.7 CREATE INDEX Syntax
    • 6.5.8 DROP INDEX Syntax
  • 6.6 Basic MySQL User Utility Commands
    • 6.6.1 USE Syntax
    • 6.6.2 DESCRIBE Syntax (Get Information About Columns)
  • 6.7 MySQL Transactional and Locking Commands
    • 6.7.1 BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK Syntax
    • 6.7.2 LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES Syntax
    • 6.7.3 SET TRANSACTION Syntax
  • 6.8 MySQL Full-text Search
    • 6.8.1 Full-text Restrictions
    • 6.8.2 Fine-tuning MySQL Full-text Search
    • 6.8.3 Full-text Search TODO
  • 6.9 MySQL Query Cache
    • 6.9.1 How The Query Cache Operates
    • 6.9.2 Query Cache Configuration
    • 6.9.3 Query Cache Options in SELECT
    • 6.9.4 Query Cache Status and Maintenance
• 7 MySQL Table Types
  • 7.1 MyISAM Tables
    • 7.1.1 Space Needed for Keys
    • 7.1.2 MyISAM Table Formats
      • 7.1.2.1 Static (Fixed-length) Table Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.2 Dynamic Table Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.3 Compressed Table Characteristics
    • 7.1.3 MyISAM Table Problems
      • 7.1.3.1 Corrupted MyISAM Tables
      • 7.1.3.2 Clients is using or hasn't closed the table properly
  • 7.2 MERGE Tables
    • 7.2.1 MERGE Table Problems
  • 7.3 ISAM Tables
  • 7.4 HEAP Tables
  • 7.5 InnoDB Tables
    • 7.5.1 InnoDB Tables Overview
    • 7.5.2 InnoDB Startup Options
    • 7.5.3 Creating InnoDB Tablespace
      • 7.5.3.1 If Something Goes Wrong in Database Creation
    • 7.5.4 Creating InnoDB Tables
      • 7.5.4.1 Converting MyISAM Tables to InnoDB
      • 7.5.4.2 Foreign Key Constraints
    • 7.5.5 Adding and Removing InnoDB Data and Log Files
    • 7.5.6 Backing up and Recovering an InnoDB Database
      • 7.5.6.1 Checkpoints
    • 7.5.7 Moving an InnoDB Database to Another Machine
    • 7.5.8 InnoDB Transaction Model
      • 7.5.8.1 Consistent Read
      • 7.5.8.2 Locking Reads
      • 7.5.8.3 Next-key Locking: Avoiding the Phantom Problem
      • 7.5.8.4 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
      • 7.5.8.5 Deadlock Detection and Rollback
      • 7.5.8.6 An Example of How the Consistent Read Works in InnoDB
      • 7.5.8.7 How to cope with deadlocks?
      • 7.5.8.8 Performance Tuning Tips
      • 7.5.8.9 The InnoDB Monitor
    • 7.5.9 Implementation of Multi-versioning
    • 7.5.10 Table and Index Structures
      • 7.5.10.1 Physical Structure of an Index
      • 7.5.10.2 Insert Buffering
      • 7.5.10.3 Adaptive Hash Indexes
      • 7.5.10.4 Physical Record Structure
      • 7.5.10.5 How an Auto-increment Column Works in InnoDB
    • 7.5.11 File Space Management and Disk I/O
      • 7.5.11.1 Disk I/O
      • 7.5.11.2 File Space Management
      • 7.5.11.3 Defragmenting a Table
    • 7.5.12 Error Handling
    • 7.5.13 Restrictions on InnoDB Tables
    • 7.5.14 InnoDB Change History
      • 7.5.14.1 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1, January xx, 2003
      • 7.5.14.2 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.8, January 7, 2003
      • 7.5.14.3 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.7, December 26, 2002
      • 7.5.14.4 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.6, December 19, 2002
      • 7.5.14.5 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.54, December 12, 2002
      • 7.5.14.6 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.5, November 18, 2002
      • 7.5.14.7 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.53, October 9, 2002
      • 7.5.14.8 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.4, October 2, 2002
      • 7.5.14.9 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.3, August 28, 2002
      • 7.5.14.10 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.52, August 16, 2002
      • 7.5.14.11 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.2, July 10, 2002
      • 7.5.14.12 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.51, June 12, 2002
      • 7.5.14.13 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.50, April 23, 2002
      • 7.5.14.14 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.49, February 17, 2002
      • 7.5.14.15 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.48, February 9, 2002
      • 7.5.14.16 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.47, December 28, 2001
      • 7.5.14.17 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.1, December 23, 2001
      • 7.5.14.18 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.46, November 30, 2001
      • 7.5.14.19 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.45, November 23, 2001
      • 7.5.14.20 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.44, November 2, 2001
      • 7.5.14.21 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.43, October 4, 2001
      • 7.5.14.22 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.42, September 9, 2001
      • 7.5.14.23 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.41, August 13, 2001
      • 7.5.14.24 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.40, July 16, 2001
      • 7.5.14.25 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.39, June 13, 2001
      • 7.5.14.26 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.38, May 12, 2001
    • 7.5.15 InnoDB Contact Information
  • 7.6 BDB or BerkeleyDB Tables
    • 7.6.1 Overview of BDB Tables
    • 7.6.2 Installing BDB
    • 7.6.3 BDB startup options
    • 7.6.4 Characteristics of BDB tables:
    • 7.6.5 Things we need to fix for BDB in the near future:
    • 7.6.6 Operating systems supported by BDB
    • 7.6.7 Restrictions on BDB Tables
    • 7.6.8 Errors That May Occur When Using BDB Tables
• 8 MySQL APIs
  • 8.1 MySQL PHP API
    • 8.1.1 Common Problems with MySQL and PHP
  • 8.2 MySQL Perl API
    • 8.2.1 DBI with DBD::mysql
    • 8.2.2 The DBI Interface
    • 8.2.3 More DBI/DBD Information
  • 8.3 MySQL ODBC Support
    • 8.3.1 How To Install MyODBC
    • 8.3.2 How to Fill in the Various Fields in the ODBC Administrator Program
    • 8.3.3 Connect parameters for MyODBC
    • 8.3.4 How to Report Problems with MyODBC
    • 8.3.5 Programs Known to Work with MyODBC
    • 8.3.6 How to Get the Value of an AUTO_INCREMENT Column in ODBC
    • 8.3.7 Reporting Problems with MyODBC
  • 8.4 MySQL C API
    • 8.4.1 C API Datatypes
    • 8.4.2 C API Function Overview
    • 8.4.3 C API Function Descriptions
      • 8.4.3.1 mysql_affected_rows()
      • 8.4.3.6 mysql_change_user()
      • 8.4.3.11 mysql_character_set_name()
      • 8.4.3.15 mysql_close()
      • 8.4.3.19 mysql_connect()
      • 8.4.3.23 mysql_create_db()
      • 8.4.3.28 mysql_data_seek()
      • 8.4.3.32 mysql_debug()
      • 8.4.3.37 mysql_drop_db()
      • 8.4.3.42 mysql_dump_debug_info()
      • 8.4.3.46 mysql_eof()
      • 8.4.3.51 mysql_errno()
      • 8.4.3.55 mysql_error()
      • 8.4.3.59 mysql_escape_string()
      • 8.4.3.60 mysql_fetch_field()
      • 8.4.3.65 mysql_fetch_fields()
      • 8.4.3.70 mysql_fetch_field_direct()
      • 8.4.3.75 mysql_fetch_lengths()
      • 8.4.3.80 mysql_fetch_row()
      • 8.4.3.85 mysql_field_count()
      • 8.4.3.90 mysql_field_seek()
      • 8.4.3.94 mysql_field_tell()
      • 8.4.3.98 mysql_free_result()
      • 8.4.3.102 mysql_get_client_info()
      • 8.4.3.106 mysql_get_host_info()
      • 8.4.3.110 mysql_get_proto_info()
      • 8.4.3.114 mysql_get_server_info()
      • 8.4.3.118 mysql_info()
      • 8.4.3.122 mysql_init()
      • 8.4.3.126 mysql_insert_id()
      • 8.4.3.130 mysql_kill()
      • 8.4.3.134 mysql_list_dbs()
      • 8.4.3.138 mysql_list_fields()
      • 8.4.3.142 mysql_list_processes()
      • 8.4.3.146 mysql_list_tables()
      • 8.4.3.150 mysql_num_fields()
      • 8.4.3.155 mysql_num_rows()
      • 8.4.3.159 mysql_options()
      • 8.4.3.163 mysql_ping()
      • 8.4.3.167 mysql_query()
      • 8.4.3.171 mysql_real_connect()
      • 8.4.3.176 mysql_real_escape_string()
      • 8.4.3.181 mysql_real_query()
      • 8.4.3.185 mysql_reload()
      • 8.4.3.189 mysql_row_seek()
      • 8.4.3.193 mysql_row_tell()
      • 8.4.3.197 mysql_select_db()
      • 8.4.3.201 mysql_shutdown()
      • 8.4.3.205 mysql_stat()
      • 8.4.3.209 mysql_store_result()
      • 8.4.3.213 mysql_thread_id()
      • 8.4.3.217 mysql_use_result()
    • 8.4.4 C Threaded Function Descriptions
      • 8.4.4.1 my_init()
      • 8.4.4.4 mysql_thread_init()
      • 8.4.4.7 mysql_thread_end()
      • 8.4.4.10 mysql_thread_safe()
    • 8.4.5 C Embedded Server Function Descriptions
      • 8.4.5.1 mysql_server_init()
      • 8.4.5.5 mysql_server_end()
    • 8.4.6 Common questions and problems when using the C API
      • 8.4.6.1 Why Is It that After mysql_query() Returns Success, mysql_store_result() Sometimes Returns NULL?
      • 8.4.6.2 What Results Can I Get From a Query?
      • 8.4.6.3 How Can I Get the Unique ID for the Last Inserted Row?
      • 8.4.6.4 Problems Linking with the C API
    • 8.4.7 Building Client Programs
    • 8.4.8 How to Make a Threaded Client
    • 8.4.9 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • 8.4.9.1 Overview of the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • 8.4.9.2 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
      • 8.4.9.3 Restrictions when using the Embedded MySQL Server
      • 8.4.9.4 Using Option Files with the Embedded Server
      • 8.4.9.5 Things left to do in Embedded Server (TODO)
      • 8.4.9.6 A Simple Embedded Server Example
      • 8.4.9.7 Licensing the Embedded Server
  • 8.5 MySQL C++ APIs
    • 8.5.1 Borland C++
  • 8.6 MySQL Java Connectivity (JDBC)
  • 8.7 MySQL Python APIs
  • 8.8 MySQL Tcl APIs
  • 8.9 MySQL Eiffel wrapper
• 9 Extending MySQL
  • 9.1 MySQL Internals
    • 9.1.1 MySQL Threads
    • 9.1.2 MySQL Test Suite
      • 9.1.2.1 Running the MySQL Test Suite
      • 9.1.2.2 Extending the MySQL Test Suite
      • 9.1.2.3 Reporting Bugs in the MySQL Test Suite
  • 9.2 Adding New Functions to MySQL
    • 9.2.1 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION Syntax
    • 9.2.2 Adding a New User-definable Function
      • 9.2.2.1 UDF Calling Sequences for simple functions
      • 9.2.2.2 UDF Calling Sequences for aggregate functions
      • 9.2.2.3 Argument Processing
      • 9.2.2.4 Return Values and Error Handling
      • 9.2.2.5 Compiling and Installing User-definable Functions
    • 9.2.3 Adding a New Native Function
  • 9.3 Adding New Procedures to MySQL
    • 9.3.1 Procedure Analyse
    • 9.3.2 Writing a Procedure
• A Problems and Common Errors
  • A.1 How to Determine What Is Causing Problems
  • A.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL
    • A.2.1 Access denied Error
    • A.2.2 MySQL server has gone away Error
    • A.2.3 Can't connect to [local] MySQL server Error
    • A.2.4 Host '...' is blocked Error
    • A.2.5 Too many connections Error
    • A.2.6 Some non-transactional changed tables couldn't be rolled back Error
    • A.2.7 Out of memory Error
    • A.2.8 Packet too large Error
    • A.2.9 Communication Errors / Aborted Connection
    • A.2.10 The table is full Error
    • A.2.11 Can't create/write to file Error
    • A.2.12 Commands out of sync Error in Client
    • A.2.13 Ignoring user Error
    • A.2.14 Table 'xxx' doesn't exist Error
    • A.2.15 Can't initialize character set xxx error
    • A.2.16 File Not Found
  • A.3 Installation Related Issues
    • A.3.1 Problems When Linking with the MySQL Client Library
    • A.3.2 How to Run MySQL As a Normal User
    • A.3.3 Problems with File Permissions
  • A.4 Administration Related Issues
    • A.4.1 What To Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing
    • A.4.2 How to Reset a Forgotten Root Password
    • A.4.3 How MySQL Handles a Full Disk
    • A.4.4 Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files
    • A.4.5 How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File `/tmp/mysql.sock'
    • A.4.6 Time Zone Problems
  • A.5 Query Related Issues
    • A.5.1 Case-Sensitivity in Searches
    • A.5.2 Problems Using DATE Columns
    • A.5.3 Problems with NULL Values
    • A.5.4 Problems with alias
    • A.5.5 Deleting Rows from Related Tables
    • A.5.6 Solving Problems with No Matching Rows
    • A.5.7 Problems with Floating-Point Comparison
  • A.6 Table Definition Related Issues
    • A.6.1 Problems with ALTER TABLE.
    • A.6.2 How To Change the Order of Columns in a Table
    • A.6.3 TEMPORARY TABLE problems
• B Contributed Programs
  • B.1 APIs
  • B.2 Converters
  • B.3 Utilities
• C Credits
  • C.1 Developers at MySQL AB
  • C.2 Contributors to MySQL
  • C.3 Supporters to MySQL
• D MySQL Change History
  • D.1 Changes in release 4.1.x (Alpha)
    • D.1.1 Changes in release 4.1.0
  • D.2 Changes in release 4.0.x (Gamma)
    • D.2.1 Changes in release 4.0.10 (not released yet)
    • D.2.2 Changes in release 4.0.9 (09 Jan 2003)
    • D.2.3 Changes in release 4.0.8 (07 Jan 2003)
    • D.2.4 Changes in release 4.0.7 (20 Dec 2002)
    • D.2.5 Changes in release 4.0.6 (14 Dec 2002: Gamma)
    • D.2.6 Changes in release 4.0.5 (13 Nov 2002)
    • D.2.7 Changes in release 4.0.4 (29 Sep 2002)
    • D.2.8 Changes in release 4.0.3 (26 Aug 2002: Beta)
    • D.2.9 Changes in release 4.0.2 (01 Jul 2002)
    • D.2.10 Changes in release 4.0.1 (23 Dec 2001)
    • D.2.11 Changes in release 4.0.0 (Oct 2001: Alpha)
  • D.3 Changes in release 3.23.x (Stable)
    • D.3.1 Changes in release 3.23.56 (not released yet)
    • D.3.2 Changes in release 3.23.55 (23 Jan 2003)
    • D.3.3 Changes in release 3.23.54 (05 Dec 2002)
    • D.3.4 Changes in release 3.23.53 (09 Oct 2002)
    • D.3.5 Changes in release 3.23.52 (14 Aug 2002)
    • D.3.6 Changes in release 3.23.51 (31 May 2002)
    • D.3.7 Changes in release 3.23.50 (21 Apr 2002)
    • D.3.8 Changes in release 3.23.49
    • D.3.9 Changes in release 3.23.48 (07 Feb 2002)
    • D.3.10 Changes in release 3.23.47 (27 Dec 2001)
    • D.3.11 Changes in release 3.23.46 (29 Nov 2001)
    • D.3.12 Changes in release 3.23.45 (22 Nov 2001)
    • D.3.13 Changes in release 3.23.44 (31 Oct 2001)
    • D.3.14 Changes in release 3.23.43 (04 Oct 2001)
    • D.3.15 Changes in release 3.23.42 (08 Sep 2001)
    • D.3.16 Changes in release 3.23.41 (11 Aug 2001)
    • D.3.17 Changes in release 3.23.40
    • D.3.18 Changes in release 3.23.39 (12 Jun 2001)
    • D.3.19 Changes in release 3.23.38 (09 May 2001)
    • D.3.20 Changes in release 3.23.37 (17 Apr 2001)
    • D.3.21 Changes in release 3.23.36 (27 Mar 2001)
    • D.3.22 Changes in release 3.23.35 (15 Mar 2001)
    • D.3.23 Changes in release 3.23.34a
    • D.3.24 Changes in release 3.23.34 (10 Mar 2001)
    • D.3.25 Changes in release 3.23.33 (09 Feb 2001)
    • D.3.26 Changes in release 3.23.32 (22 Jan 2001: Stable)
    • D.3.27 Changes in release 3.23.31 (17 Jan 2001)
    • D.3.28 Changes in release 3.23.30 (04 Jan 2001)
    • D.3.29 Changes in release 3.23.29 (16 Dec 2000)
    • D.3.30 Changes in release 3.23.28 (22 Nov 2000: Gamma)
    • D.3.31 Changes in release 3.23.27 (24 Oct 2000)
    • D.3.32 Changes in release 3.23.26 (18 Oct 2000)
    • D.3.33 Changes in release 3.23.25 (29 Sep 2000)
    • D.3.34 Changes in release 3.23.24 (08 Sep 2000)
    • D.3.35 Changes in release 3.23.23 (01 Sep 2000)
    • D.3.36 Changes in release 3.23.22 (31 Jul 2000)
    • D.3.37 Changes in release 3.23.21
    • D.3.38 Changes in release 3.23.20
    • D.3.39 Changes in release 3.23.19
    • D.3.40 Changes in release 3.23.18
    • D.3.41 Changes in release 3.23.17
    • D.3.42 Changes in release 3.23.16
    • D.3.43 Changes in release 3.23.15 (May 2000: Beta)
    • D.3.44 Changes in release 3.23.14
    • D.3.45 Changes in release 3.23.13
    • D.3.46 Changes in release 3.23.12 (07 Mar 2000)
    • D.3.47 Changes in release 3.23.11
    • D.3.48 Changes in release 3.23.10
    • D.3.49 Changes in release 3.23.9
    • D.3.50 Changes in release 3.23.8 (02 Jan 2000)
    • D.3.51 Changes in release 3.23.7 (10 Dec 1999)
    • D.3.52 Changes in release 3.23.6
    • D.3.53 Changes in release 3.23.5 (20 Oct 1999)
    • D.3.54 Changes in release 3.23.4 (28 Sep 1999)
    • D.3.55 Changes in release 3.23.3
    • D.3.56 Changes in release 3.23.2 (09 Aug 1999)
    • D.3.57 Changes in release 3.23.1
    • D.3.58 Changes in release 3.23.0 (05 Aug 1999: Alpha)
  • D.4 Changes in release 3.22.x (Old; discontinued)
    • D.4.1 Changes in release 3.22.35
    • D.4.2 Changes in release 3.22.34
    • D.4.3 Changes in release 3.22.33
    • D.4.4 Changes in release 3.22.32 (14 Feb 2000)
    • D.4.5 Changes in release 3.22.31
    • D.4.6 Changes in release 3.22.30
    • D.4.7 Changes in release 3.22.29 (02 Jan 2000)
    • D.4.8 Changes in release 3.22.28 (20 Oct 1999)
    • D.4.9 Changes in release 3.22.27
    • D.4.10 Changes in release 3.22.26 (16 Sep 1999)
    • D.4.11 Changes in release 3.22.25
    • D.4.12 Changes in release 3.22.24 (05 Jul 1999)
    • D.4.13 Changes in release 3.22.23 (08 Jun 1999)
    • D.4.14 Changes in release 3.22.22 (30 Apr 1999)
    • D.4.15 Changes in release 3.22.21
    • D.4.16 Changes in release 3.22.20 (18 Mar 1999)
    • D.4.17 Changes in release 3.22.19 (Mar 1999: Stable)
    • D.4.18 Changes in release 3.22.18
    • D.4.19 Changes in release 3.22.17
    • D.4.20 Changes in release 3.22.16 (Feb 1999: Gamma)
    • D.4.21 Changes in release 3.22.15
    • D.4.22 Changes in release 3.22.14
    • D.4.23 Changes in release 3.22.13
    • D.4.24 Changes in release 3.22.12
    • D.4.25 Changes in release 3.22.11
    • D.4.26 Changes in release 3.22.10
    • D.4.27 Changes in release 3.22.9
    • D.4.28 Changes in release 3.22.8
    • D.4.29 Changes in release 3.22.7 (Sep 1998: Beta)
    • D.4.30 Changes in release 3.22.6
    • D.4.31 Changes in release 3.22.5
    • D.4.32 Changes in release 3.22.4
    • D.4.33 Changes in release 3.22.3
    • D.4.34 Changes in release 3.22.2
    • D.4.35 Changes in release 3.22.1 (Jun 1998: Alpha)
    • D.4.36 Changes in release 3.22.0
  • D.5 Changes in release 3.21.x
    • D.5.1 Changes in release 3.21.33
    • D.5.2 Changes in release 3.21.32
    • D.5.3 Changes in release 3.21.31
    • D.5.4 Changes in release 3.21.30
    • D.5.5 Changes in release 3.21.29
    • D.5.6 Changes in release 3.21.28
    • D.5.7 Changes in release 3.21.27
    • D.5.8 Changes in release 3.21.26
    • D.5.9 Changes in release 3.21.25
    • D.5.10 Changes in release 3.21.24
    • D.5.11 Changes in release 3.21.23
    • D.5.12 Changes in release 3.21.22
    • D.5.13 Changes in release 3.21.21a
    • D.5.14 Changes in release 3.21.21
    • D.5.15 Changes in release 3.21.20
    • D.5.16 Changes in release 3.21.19
    • D.5.17 Changes in release 3.21.18
    • D.5.18 Changes in release 3.21.17
    • D.5.19 Changes in release 3.21.16
    • D.5.20 Changes in release 3.21.15
    • D.5.21 Changes in release 3.21.14b
    • D.5.22 Changes in release 3.21.14a
    • D.5.23 Changes in release 3.21.13
    • D.5.24 Changes in release 3.21.12
    • D.5.25 Changes in release 3.21.11
    • D.5.26 Changes in release 3.21.10
    • D.5.27 Changes in release 3.21.9
    • D.5.28 Changes in release 3.21.8
    • D.5.29 Changes in release 3.21.7
    • D.5.30 Changes in release 3.21.6
    • D.5.31 Changes in release 3.21.5
    • D.5.32 Changes in release 3.21.4
    • D.5.33 Changes in release 3.21.3
    • D.5.34 Changes in release 3.21.2
    • D.5.35 Changes in release 3.21.0
  • D.6 Changes in release 3.20.x
    • D.6.1 Changes in release 3.20.18
    • D.6.2 Changes in release 3.20.17
    • D.6.3 Changes in release 3.20.16
    • D.6.4 Changes in release 3.20.15
    • D.6.5 Changes in release 3.20.14
    • D.6.6 Changes in release 3.20.13
    • D.6.7 Changes in release 3.20.11
    • D.6.8 Changes in release 3.20.10
    • D.6.9 Changes in release 3.20.9
    • D.6.10 Changes in release 3.20.8
    • D.6.11 Changes in release 3.20.7
    • D.6.12 Changes in release 3.20.6
    • D.6.13 Changes in release 3.20.3
    • D.6.14 Changes in release 3.20.0
  • D.7 Changes in release 3.19.x
    • D.7.1 Changes in release 3.19.5
    • D.7.2 Changes in release 3.19.4
    • D.7.3 Changes in release 3.19.3
• E Porting to Other Systems
  • E.1 Debugging a MySQL server
    • E.1.1 Compiling MYSQL for Debugging
    • E.1.2 Creating Trace Files
    • E.1.3 Debugging mysqld under gdb
    • E.1.4 Using a Stack Trace
    • E.1.5 Using Log Files to Find Cause of Errors in mysqld
    • E.1.6 Making a Test Case When You Experience Table Corruption
  • E.2 Debugging a MySQL client
  • E.3 The DBUG Package
  • E.4 Locking methods
  • E.5 Comments about RTS threads
  • E.6 Differences between different thread packages
• F Environment Variables
• G MySQL Regular Expressions
• H GNU General Public License
  • H.1 Preamble
  • H.2 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
  • H.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
• I GNU Lesser General Public License
  • I.1 Preamble
  • I.2 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
  • I.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
• SQL command, type and function index
• Concept Index