South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II, when it annexed the territory. In 1966 the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that became Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. Namibia has been governed by SWAPO since the country won independence in 1990. Hifikepunye POHAMBA was elected president in November 2004 in a landslide victory replacing Sam NUJOMA who led the country during its first 14 years of self rule. POHAMBA was reelected in November 2009.

Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and South Africa

slightly more than half the size of Alaska

desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east

diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish

prolonged periods of drought

limited natural freshwater resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip

black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%

English (official) 7%, Afrikaans (common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population), German 32%, indigenous languages (includes Oshivambo, Herero, Nama) 1%

Christian 80% to 90% (at least 50% Lutheran), indigenous beliefs 10% to 20%

2,165,828 (July 2012 est.)

21.11 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

13.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

WINDHOEK (capital) 342,000 (2009)

200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

2.41 children born/woman (2012 est.)

0.374 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

2.67 beds/1,000 population (2009)

urban: 60% of population

rural: 17% of population

total: 33% of population

urban: 40% of population

rural: 83% of population

total: 67% of population

13 regions; Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa

21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990

mixed legal system of uncodified civil law based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

bicameral legislature consists of the National Council, primarily an advisory body (26 seats; two members chosen from each regional council to serve six-year terms), and the National Assembly (72 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, an additonal six nonvoting members are appointed by the president)

Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI]; Congress of Democrats or COD [Benjamin ULENGA]; Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA]; Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurie VILJOEN]; National Democratic Movement for Change or NamDMC; National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Kuaima RIRUAKO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Hidipo HAMUTENYA]; Republican Party or RP [Hendrick MUDGE]; South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Usutuaije MAAMBERUA]; South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hifikepunye POHAMBA]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

National Society for Human Rights or NSHR (NAMRIGHTS as of 2010); various labor unions

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources

The economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export. Mining accounts for 8% of GDP, but provides more than 50% of foreign exchange earnings. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia is the world's fourth-largest producer of uranium. It also produces large quantities of zinc and is a small producer of gold and other minerals. The mining sector employs only about 3% of the population. Namibia normally imports about 50% of its cereal requirements; in drought years food shortages are a major problem in rural areas. A high per capita GDP, relative to the region, hides one of the world's most unequal income distributions, as shown by Namibia's 70.7 GINI coefficient. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged one-to-one to the South African rand. Until 2010, Namibia drew 40% of its budget revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Increased payments from SACU put Namibia's budget into surplus in 2007 for the first time since independence. SACU allotments to Namibia increased in 2009, but dropped in 2010 and 2011 because of the global recession, reducing Namibia's overall SACU income. Increased fish production and mining of zinc, copper, and uranium spurred growth in 2003-08, but growth in recent years was undercut by poor fish catches, a dramatic decline in demand for diamonds, higher costs of producing metals, and the global recession. A rebound in diamond and uranium prices in 2010 and the reopening of copper mines in 2011 provided a significant boost to Namibia's mining sector. The Namibian economy expects to benefit from large investment projects in its mining sector. Expecting higher global uranium prices, Namibia plans to double its uranium exports by 2015, as well as increase its diamond output.

$16.84 billion (2012 est.)

$16.19 billion (2011 est.)

$15.44 billion (2010 est.)

$12.15 billion (2012 est.)

21.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

36.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

-4.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

28.2% of GDP (2012 est.)

26.8% of GDP (2011 est.)

12% (31 December 2010 est.)

7% (31 December 2009 est.)

9.2% (31 December 2012 est.)

8.73% (31 December 2011 est.)

$3.898 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$3.449 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$7.433 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$8.021 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$6.431 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$5.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.152 billion (31 December 2011)

$1.176 billion (31 December 2010)

$846.3 million (31 December 2009)

millet, sorghum, peanuts, grapes; livestock; fish

$49.3 million (2012 est.)

-$108.2 million (2011 est.)

$4.657 billion (2012 est.)

$4.393 billion (2011 est.)

diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, processed fish, karakul skins

$5.762 billion (2012 est.)

$5.345 billion (2011 est.)

foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals

$1.84 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$1.758 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$4.204 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$3.944 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Namibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar -

1.295 billion kWh (2010 est.)

3.268 billion kWh (2009 est.)

144 million kWh (2009 est.)

2.202 billion kWh (2009 est.)

393,000 kW (2009 est.)

36.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

63.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

22,990 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

20,390 bbl/day (2008 est.)

62.29 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

3.812 million Mt (2010 est.)

1 private and 1 state-run TV station; satellite and cable TV service is available; state-run radio service broadcasts in multiple languages; about a dozen private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Namibian Defense Force (NDF): Army, Navy, Air Force (2010)

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2010)

concerns from international experts and local populations over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on Popa Falls along the Angola-Namibia border; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river