After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a result of US nuclear testing on some of the atolls between 1947 and 1962. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network.

Oceania, two archipelagic island chains of 29 atolls, each made up of many small islets, and five single islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between Hawaii and Australia

9 00 N, 168 00 E

Oceania

about the size of Washington, DC

0 km

370.4 km

tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt

low coral limestone and sand islands

coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals

0 sq km

infrequent typhoons

inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels

the islands of Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein atoll, famous as a World War II battleground, surrounds the world's largest lagoon and is used as a US missile test range; the island city of Ebeye is the second largest settlement in the Marshall Islands, after the capital of Majuro, and one of the most densely populated locations in the Pacific

Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2% (2006)

Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)

Protestant 54.8%, Assembly of God 25.8%, Roman Catholic 8.4%, Bukot nan Jesus 2.8%, Mormon 2.1%, other Christian 3.6%, other 1%, none 1.5% (1999 census)

68,480 (July 2012 est.)

1.874% (2012 est.)

28.14 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

4.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

-5.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

MAJURO (capital) 30,000 (2009)

3.37 children born/woman (2012 est.)

2.5% of GDP (2009)

0.559 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

2.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)

urban: 83% of population

rural: 53% of population

total: 73% of population

urban: 17% of population

rural: 47% of population

total: 27% of population

NA

NA

NA

12% of GDP (2004)

constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force on 21 October 1986 and the Amended Compact entered into force in May 2004

33 municipalities; Ailinginae, Ailinglaplap, Ailuk, Arno, Aur, Bikar, Bikini, Bokak, Ebon, Enewetak, Erikub, Jabat, Jaluit, Jemo, Kili, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap, Mejit, Mili, Namorik, Namu, Rongelap, Rongrik, Toke, Ujae, Ujelang, Utirik, Wotho, Wotje

21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)

1 May 1979

mixed legal system of US and English common law, customary law, and local statutes

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

unicameral legislature or Nitijela (33 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

Supreme Court; High Court; Traditional Rights Court

traditionally there have been no formally organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings" have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Aelon Kein Ad Party [Michael KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]

NA

ACP, ADB, AOSIS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO

blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north

US Government assistance is the mainstay of this tiny island economy. The Marshall Islands received more than $1 billion in aid from the US from 1986-2002. Agricultural production, primarily subsistence, is concentrated on small farms; the most important commercial crops are coconuts and breadfruit. Small-scale industry is limited to handicrafts, tuna processing, and copra. The tourist industry, now a small source of foreign exchange employing less than 10% of the labor force, remains the best hope for future added income. The islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. Under the terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the US will provide millions of dollars per year to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2023, at which time a Trust Fund made up of US and RMI contributions will begin perpetual annual payouts. Government downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, the decline in tourism, and less income from the renewal of fishing vessel licenses have held GDP growth to an average of 1% over the past decade.

$133.5 million (2008 est.)

$115 million (2001 est.)

$161.7 million (2008 est.)

-0.3% (2008 est.)

3.5% (2005 est.)

$2,500 (2008 est.)

$2,900 (2005 est.)

14,680 (2000)

36% (2006 est.)

30.9% (2000 est.)

NA%

76.3% of GDP (2008)

NA% of GDP (2008)

12.9% (2008 est.)

3% (2005 est.)

coconuts, tomatoes, melons, taro, breadfruit, fruits; pigs, chickens

NA%

$19.4 million (2008 est.)

$9.1 million (2000 est.)

copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, fish

$79.4 million (2008 est.)

$54.7 million (2000 est.)

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels, beverages and tobacco

$87 million (2008 est.)

$86.5 million (FY99/00 est.)

the US dollar is used, 1 (2012 est.)

1 October - 30 September

4,400 (2010)

3,800 (2010)

no TV broadcast station; a cable network is available on Majuro with programming via videotape replay and satellite relays; 4 radio broadcast stations; American Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides satellite radio and television service to Kwajalein Atoll (2009)

.mh

3 (2012)

2,200 (2009)

15 (2012)

Enitwetak Island, Kwajalein, Majuro

no regular military forces; Marshall Islands Police (2012)

NA

defense is the responsibility of the US

claims US territory of Wake Island