An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Tokyo formally annexed the entire Peninsula. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a democratic-based government (Republic of Korea, ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a Communist-style government was installed in the north (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and UN forces fought alongside soldiers from the ROK to defend South Korea from a DPRK invasion that was supported by China and the Soviet Union. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South Korea under the PARK Chung-hee regime (1961-79) achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising to roughly 17 times the level of North Korea. In 1993, KIM Young-sam (1993-98) became South Korea's first civilian president following 32 years of military rule. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. President LEE Myung-bak has pursued a policy of global engagement since taking office in February 2008, highlighted by Seoul's hosting of the G-20 summit in November 2010 and the Nuclear Security Summit in March 2012, as well as securing South Korea nonpermanent membership (2013-14) on the UN Security Council and the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Serious tensions with North Korea have punctuated inter-Korean relations in recent years, including the North's sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan in March 2010 and its artillery attack on South Korean soldiers and citizens in November 2010.

Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea

37 00 N, 127 30 E

Asia

slightly larger than Indiana

2,413 km

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential

8,320 sq km (2003)

69.7 cu km (1999)

occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest

air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing

strategic location on Korea Strait

homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Korean, English (widely taught in junior high and high school)

Christian 31.6% (Protestant 24%, Roman Catholic 7.6%), Buddhist 24.2%, other or unknown 0.9%, none 43.3% (2010 survey)

48,860,500 (July 2012 est.)

0.204% (2012 est.)

8.42 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

SEOUL (capital) 9.778 million; Busan (Pusan) 3.439 million; Incheon (Inch'on) 2.572 million; Daegu (Taegu) 2.458 million; Daejon (Taejon) 1.497 million (2009)

16 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

1.23 children born/woman (2012 est.)

6.5% of GDP (2009)

1.967 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

12.28 beds/1,000 population (2008)

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

less than 0.1% (2009 est.)

9,500 (2009 est.)

fewer than 500 (2009 est.)

3.2% (2001)

4.2% of GDP (2007)

republic

9 provinces (do, singular and plural), 6 metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural), 1 special city, and 1 special self-governing city

15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)

17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten many times; current constitution approved 29 October 1987

mixed legal system combining European civil law, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

19 years of age; universal

unicameral National Assembly or Gukhoe (300 seats; 246 members elected in single-seat constituencies, 54 elected by proportional representation; members serve four-year terms)

Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president with consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by the president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)

Democratic United Party or DUP (formerly the Democratic Party or DP) [MOON Hee-sang]; Liberty Forward Party or LFP (now part of the NFP); New Frontier Party or Saenuri (formerly Grand National Party) or NFP [HWANG Woo-yea]; Progressive Justice Party or PJP [ROH Hoe-chan]; United Progressive Party or UPP [KANG Byeong-gi]

Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations

ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite positive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony

taegeuk (yin yang symbol)

South Korea over the past four decades has demonstrated incredible growth and global integration to become a high-tech industrialized economy. In the 1960s, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies, and currently is among the world's 20 largest economies. Initially, a system of close government and business ties, including directed credit and import restrictions, made this success possible. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods, and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model including high debt/equity ratios and massive short-term foreign borrowing. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, and then recovered by 9% in 1999-2000. Korea adopted numerous economic reforms following the crisis, including greater openness to foreign investment and imports. Growth moderated to about 4% annually between 2003 and 2007. With the global economic downturn in late 2008, South Korean GDP growth slowed to 0.3% in 2009. In the third quarter of 2009, the economy began to recover, in large part due to export growth, low interest rates, and an expansionary fiscal policy. The US-South Korea Free Trade Agreement was ratified by both governments in 2011 and went into effect in March 2012. Throughout 2012 the economy experienced sluggish growth because of market slowdowns in the United States, China, and the Eurozone. The incoming administration in 2013, following the December 2012 presidential election, is likely to face the challenges of balancing heavy reliance on exports with developing domestic-oriented sectors, such as services. The South Korean economy's long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP.

$1.622 trillion (2012 est.)

$1.579 trillion (2011 est.)

$1.524 trillion (2010 est.)

$1.151 trillion (2012 est.)

2.7% (2012 est.)

3.6% (2011 est.)

6.3% (2010 est.)

$32,400 (2012 est.)

$31,700 (2011 est.)

$30,800 (2010 est.)

25.18 million (2012 est.)

3.8% (2012 est.)

3.4% (2011 est.)

15% (2006 est.)

31 (2010)

35.8 (2000)

27.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

23.6% of GDP (2012 est.)

2% of GDP (2012 est.)

33.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

33.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

2.2% (2012 est.)

4% (2011 est.)

1.5% (31 December 2011)

1.25% (31 December 2009)

5.8% (31 December 2012 est.)

5.77% (31 December 2011 est.)

$369.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$352 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.484 trillion (31 December 2011)

$1.445 trillion (31 December 2010)

$1.356 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.275 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)

$994.3 billion (31 December 2011)

$1.089 trillion (31 December 2010)

$836.5 billion (31 December 2009)

rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish

3.8% (2011 est.)

$22.1 billion (2012 est.)

$26.51 billion (2011 est.)

$548.2 billion (2012 est.)

$552.8 billion (2011 est.)

semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals

China 24.4%, US 10.1%, Japan 7.1% (2011 est.)

$520.5 billion (2012 est.)

$521.6 billion (2011 est.)

machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics

China 16.5%, Japan 13%, US 8.5%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, Australia 5% (2011 est.)

$319.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$306.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$436.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$449.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$137.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$131.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$190.4 billion (31 December 2011)

$164.8 billion (31 December 2009)

South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar -

1,132.8 (2012 est.)

1,108.29 (2011 est.)

1,156.1 (2010 est.)

1,276.93 (2009)

1,101.7 (2008)

calendar year

459.5 billion kWh (2011 est.)

455.1 billion kWh (2011 est.)

0 kWh (2011)

0 kWh (2011)

80.59 million kW (2009 est.)

69.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

22% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

1.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

19,990 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

2.302 million bbl/day (2009 est.)

NA bbl

2.476 million bbl/day (2009 est.)

2.23 million bbl/day (2011 est.)

907,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)

753,900 bbl/day (2009 est.)

539.3 million cu m (2010 est.)

45.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)

0 cu m (2011 est.)

46.83 billion cu m (2011 est.)

7.079 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

579 million Mt (2010 est.)

29.468 million (2011)

52.507 million (2011)

multiple national TV networks with 2 of the 3 largest networks publicly operated; the largest privately-owned network, Seoul Broadcasting Service (SBS), has ties with other commercial TV networks; cable and satellite TV subscription services available; publicly-operated radio broadcast networks and many privately-owned radio broadcasting networks, each with multiple affiliates, and independent local stations (2010)

.kr

315,697 (2012)

39.4 million (2009)

114 (2012)

510 (2012)

gas 2,139 km; refined products 864 km (2010)

1,600 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2011)

Incheon (Inch'on), Pohang (P'ohang), Busan (Pusan), Ulsan, Yeosu (Yosu)

Republic of Korea Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force (2011)

20-30 years of age for compulsory military service, with middle school education required; conscript service obligation - 21 months (Army, Marines), 23 months (Navy), 24 months (Air Force); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; HIV-positive individuals are exempt from military service (2010)

2.7% of GDP (2006)

Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km-wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limit Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954