The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cape Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cape Verde continues to exhibit one of Africa's most stable democratic governments. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cape Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one. Most Cape Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents.

Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal

16 00 N, 24 00 W

Africa

slightly larger than Rhode Island

0 km

965 km

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic

steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic

salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum

30 sq km (2003)

0.3 cu km (1990)

prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active

soil erosion; deforestation due to demand for wood used as fuel; water shortages; desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing

strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site

Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Portuguese (official), Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)

Roman Catholic (infused with indigenous beliefs), Protestant (mostly Church of the Nazarene)

523,568 (July 2012 est.)

1.428% (2012 est.)

21.21 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

6.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

-0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

PRAIA (capital) 125,000 (2009)

79 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

2.44 children born/woman (2012 est.)

3.9% of GDP (2009)

0.572 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

2.07 beds/1,000 population (2009)

urban: 65% of population

rural: 38% of population

total: 54% of population

urban: 35% of population

rural: 62% of population

total: 46% of population

0.04% (2001 est.)

775 (2001)

225 (as of 2001)

5.9% of GDP (2009)

republic

22 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Porto Novo, Praia, Ribeira Brava, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina do Fogo, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe, Sao Lourenco dos Orgaos, Sao Miguel, Sao Salvador do Mundo, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal, Tarrafal de Sao Nicolau

5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995 substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)

civil law system of Portugal

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

18 years of age; universal

unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia; Court of Audit; Military Courts; Fiscal and Customs Courts

African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO]; Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]; Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Jorge SANTOS]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]

ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)

The economy is service oriented with commerce, transport, tourism, and public services accounting for about three-fourths of GDP. This island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base, including serious water shortages exacerbated by cycles of long-term drought and poor soil for agriculture on several of the islands. Although about 40% of the population lives in rural areas, the share of food production in GDP is low. About 82% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit financed by foreign aid and remittances from its large pool of emigrants; remittances supplement GDP by more than 20%. Despite the lack of resources, sound economic management has produced steadily improving incomes. Continued economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy and mitigate high unemployment. Future prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the government's development program. Cape Verde became a member of the WTO in July 2008.

$2.188 billion (2012 est.)

$2.088 billion (2011 est.)

$1.985 billion (2010 est.)

$1.857 billion (2012 est.)

4.8% (2012 est.)

5.2% (2011 est.)

5.4% (2010 est.)

$4,100 (2012 est.)

$4,000 (2011 est.)

$3,900 (2010 est.)

196,100 (2007)

21% (2000 est.)

30% (2000)

46.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

28.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

-9.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

83.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

77.5% of GDP (2011 est.)

2.4% (2012 est.)

4.5% (2011 est.)

7.5% (31 December 2010 est.)

7.5% (31 December 2009 est.)

9.6% (31 December 2012 est.)

9.8% (31 December 2011 est.)

$454.5 million (31 December 2012 est.)

$443.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.362 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$1.322 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.37 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$1.353 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

bananas, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, coffee, peanuts; fish

4% (2010 est.)

-$257.9 million (2012 est.)

-$287.8 million (2011 est.)

$205.1 million (2012 est.)

$211 million (2011 est.)

fuel, shoes, garments, fish, hides

Spain 64.4%, Portugal 18.5% (2011)

$1.038 billion (2012 est.)

$1.06 billion (2011 est.)

foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment, fuels

Portugal 36.8%, Netherlands 25.3%, Spain 7%, Italy 5.2%, China 5.2% (2011)

$393.5 million (31 December 2012 est.)

$339 million (31 December 2011 est.)

$741.3 million (31 December 2012 est.)

$824.2 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar -

86.42 (2012 est.)

79.32 (2011 est.)

83.259 (2010 est.)

79.38 (2009)

73.84 (2008)

calendar year

277 million kWh (2009 est.)

257.6 million kWh (2009 est.)

0 kWh (2010 est.)

0 kWh (2010 est.)

89,800 kW (2009 est.)

96.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

3.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

2,608 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

2,407 bbl/day (2008 est.)

0 cu m (2010 est.)

0 cu m (2010 est.)

0 cu m (2010 est.)

0 cu m (2010 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

271,400 Mt (2010 est.)

74,500 (2011)

396,400 (2011)

state-run TV and radio broadcast network plus a growing number of private broadcasters; Portuguese public TV and radio services for Africa are available; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available (2007)

.cv

38 (2012)

150,000 (2009)

9 (2012)

Porto Grande

Armed Forces: Army (also called the National Guard, GN), Cape Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde, GCCV; includes naval infantry) (2012)

18 years of age (est.) for selective compulsory military service; 14-month conscript service obligation (2006)

0.5% of GDP (2009)

none

used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine destined for Western Europe, particularly because of Lusophone links to Brazil, Portugal, and Guinea-Bissau; has taken steps to deter drug money laundering, including a 2002 anti-money laundering reform that criminalizes laundering the proceeds of narcotics trafficking and other crimes and the establishment in 2008 of a Financial Intelligence Unit (2008)