Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Inca ruled northern Chile while the indigenous Mapuche inhabited central and southern Chile. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, decisive victory over the Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern regions. It was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche Indians were completely subjugated. After a series of elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a freely elected president was installed in 1990. Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and have helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation.

Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru

30 00 S, 71 00 W

South America

slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana

6,435 km

temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south

low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east

copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower

19,000 sq km (2003)

922 cu km (2000)

severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis

widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural resources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage

the longest north-south trending country in the world, extending across 38 degrees of latitude; strategic location relative to sea lanes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Atacama Desert - the driest desert in the world - spreads across the northern part of the country; the crater lake of Ojos del Salado is the world's highest lake (at 6,390 m)

white and white-Amerindian 95.4%, Mapuche 4%, other indigenous groups 0.6% (2002 census)

Spanish (official), Mapudungun, German, English

Roman Catholic 70%, Evangelical 15.1%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.1%, other Christian 1%, other 4.6%, none 8.3% (2002 census)

Chile is in the advanced stages of demographic transition and is becoming an aging society - with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates, and life expectancy on par with developed countries. Nevertheless, with its dependency ratio nearing its low point, Chile could benefit from its favorable age structure. It will need to keep its large working-age population productively employed, while preparing to provide for the needs of its growing proportion of elderly people, especially as women - the traditional caregivers-increasingly enter the workforce. Over the last two decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, which is now lower than most Latin American countries. However, its severe income inequality ranks as the worst among members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unequal access to quality education perpetuates this uneven income distribution.

Chile has historically been a country of emigration but has slowly become more attractive to immigrants since transitioning to democracy in 1990 and improving its economic stability (other regional destinations have concurrently experienced deteriorating economic and political conditions). Most of Chile's small but growing foreign-born population consists of transplants from other Latin American countries, especially Peru.

17,067,369 (July 2012 est.)

0.88% (2012 est.)

14.3 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

5.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

SANTIAGO (capital) 5.883 million; Valparaiso 865,000 (2009)

25 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

1.87 children born/woman (2012 est.)

8.2% of GDP (2009)

1.09 physicians/1,000 population (2003)

2.1 beds/1,000 population (2009)

urban: 98% of population

rural: 83% of population

total: 96% of population

urban: 2% of population

rural: 17% of population

total: 4% of population

0.4% (2009 est.)

40,000 (2009 est.)

NA

21.9% (2003)

0.5% (2008)

4% of GDP (2008)

republic

15 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso

18 September 1810 (from Spain)

Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended several times

civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (38 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve eight-year terms; one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; the president of the Supreme Court is elected every three years by the 20-member court); Constitutional Tribunal (eight-members - two each from the Senate, Chamber of Deputies, Supreme Court, and National Security Council - review the constitutionality of laws approved by Congress)

Broad Social Movement or MAS; Clean Chile Vote Happy or CLVF (including Broad Social Movement, Country Force, and Independent Regionalist Party or PRI); Coalition for Change or CC (also known as the Alliance for Chile (Alianza) or APC) (including National Renewal or RN [Carlos LARRAIN Pena], Independent Democratic Union or UDI [Patricio MELERO], and Chile First [Vlado MIROSEVIC]); Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertacion) or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ignacio WALKER], Party for Democracy or PPD [Jaime Daniel QUINTANA Leal], Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ Urrutia], and Socialist Party or PS [Osvaldo ANDRADE]); Partido Ecologista del Sur; Together We Can Do More (including Communist Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER del Valle], and Humanist Party or PH [Danilo MONTEVERDE])

Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations

APEC, BIS, BRICS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence

huemul (mountain deer); Andean condor

Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports account for more than one-third of GDP, with commodities making up some three-quarters of total exports. Copper alone provides one-third of government revenue. During the early 1990s, Chile's reputation as a role model for economic reform was strengthened when the democratic government of Patricio AYLWIN - which took over from the military in 1990 - deepened the economic reform initiated by the military government. Since 1999, growth has averaged 4% per year. Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January 2004. Chile claims to have more bilateral or regional trade agreements than any other country. It has 59 such agreements (not all of them full free trade agreements), including with the European Union, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico. Over the past seven years, foreign direct investment inflows have quadrupled to some $15 billion in 2010, but foreign direct investment had dropped to about $7 billion in 2009 in the face of diminished investment throughout the world. The Chilean government conducts a rule-based countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth. As of November 2011, those sovereign wealth funds - kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves - amounted to more than $18 billion. Chile used this fund to finance fiscal stimulus packages during the 2009 economic downturn. In December 2009, the OECD invited Chile to become a full member, after a two year period of compliance with organization mandates, and in May 2010 Chile signed the OECD Convention, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD. The economy started to show signs of a rebound in the fourth quarter of 2009, and GDP has grown more than 5% per year in the three years since. Chile achieved this growth despite the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck in February 2010, which was one of the top 10 strongest earthquakes on record. The earthquake and subsequent tsunamis it generated caused considerable damage near the epicenter, located about 70 miles from Concepcion - and about 200 miles southwest of Santiago.

$319.4 billion (2012 est.)

$304.3 billion (2011 est.)

$287.3 billion (2010 est.)

$268.3 billion (2012 est.)

5% (2012 est.)

5.9% (2011 est.)

6.1% (2010 est.)

$18,400 (2012 est.)

$17,600 (2011 est.)

$16,800 (2010 est.)

8.231 million (2012 est.)

6.4% (2012 est.)

6.6% (2011 est.)

15.1% (2009 est.)

52.1 (2009)

57.1 (2000)

23.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

22.2% of GDP (2012 est.)

1.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

10.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

11.2% of GDP (2011 est.)

2.8% (2012 est.)

3.3% (2011 est.)

3.12% (31 December 2010 est.)

0.5% (31 December 2009 est.)

10.1% (31 December 2012 est.)

9.03% (31 December 2011 est.)

$41.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$34.54 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$193.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$191.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$198.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$164.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$270.3 billion (31 December 2011)

$341.6 billion (31 December 2010)

$209.5 billion (31 December 2009)

grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans; beef, poultry, wool; fish; timber

6.3% (2011 est.)

-$9.769 billion (2012 est.)

-$3.387 billion (2011 est.)

$83.66 billion (2012 est.)

$80.76 billion (2011 est.)

copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine

China 22.8%, US 11.1%, Japan 11.1%, Brazil 5.5%, South Korea 5.5%, Netherlands 4.7% (2011)

$70.2 billion (2012 est.)

$66.2 billion (2011 est.)

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas

US 20.1%, China 16.9%, Brazil 8.3%, Argentina 6.3%, Germany 4.2% (2011)

$42.99 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$41.94 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$102.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$95.99 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$179.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$156.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$72.84 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$60.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Chilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar -

488.9 (2012 est.)

483.67 (2011 est.)

510.25 (2010 est.)

560.86 (2009)

509.02 (2008)

calendar year

59.75 billion kWh (2010 est.)

53.24 billion kWh (2009 est.)

0 kWh (2010 est.)

958 million kWh (2010 est.)

15.52 million kW (2009 est.)

64.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

34.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

6,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

197,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

150 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

209,600 bbl/day (2008 est.)

321,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)

27,290 bbl/day (2008 est.)

165,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)

1.779 billion cu m (2010 est.)

5.318 billion cu m (2010 est.)

0 cu m (2010 est.)

3.458 billion cu m (2010 est.)

97.97 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

68.76 million Mt (2010 est.)

3.366 million (2011)

22.4 million (2011)

national and local terrestrial TV channels, coupled with extensive cable TV networks; the state-owned Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) network is self-financed through commercial advertising revenues and is not under direct government control; large number of privately-owned TV stations; about 250 radio stations (2007)

.cl

2.152 million (2012)

7.009 million (2009)

476 (2012)

1 (2012)

gas 3,064 km; liquid petroleum gas 517 km; oil 895 km; refined products 768 km (2010)

Coronel, Huasco, Lirquen, Puerto Ventanas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Valparaiso

Army of the Nation, Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes Naval Aviation, Marine Corps, and Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar)), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh), Carabineros Corps (Cuerpo de Carabineros) (2011)

18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment is retained; service obligation - 12 months for Army, 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2008)

2.7% of GDP (2006)

Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru; in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)

transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine (2008)