Greenland, the world's largest island, is about 81% ice capped. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century, and Greenland was made an integral part of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European Community (now the EU) with Denmark in 1973 but withdrew in 1985 over a dispute centered on stringent fishing quotas. Greenland was granted self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament; the law went into effect the following year. Greenland voted in favor of increased self-rule in November 2008 and acquired greater responsibility for internal affairs in June 2009. Denmark, however, continues to exercise control of Greenland's foreign affairs, security, and financial policy in consultation with Greenland's Home Rule Government.

Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada

72 00 N, 40 00 W

North America

slightly more than three times the size of Texas

0 km

44,087 km

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast

coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

NA

continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island

protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk; world's second largest ice cap

57,670 (July 2011 est.)

0.05% (2011 est.)

14.6 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

8.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

-5.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

NUUK (capital) 15,000 (2009)

2.13 children born/woman (2011 est.)

NA

100 (1999)

NA

Inuit 89%, Danish and other 11% (2009)

Evangelical Lutheran, traditional Inuit spiritual beliefs

Greenlandic (East Inuit) (official), Danish (official), English

NA

NA

part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979

parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy

4 municipalities (kommuner, singular kommune); Kujalleq, Qaasuitsup, Qeqqata, Sermersooq

none (extensive self-rule as part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating to Greenland)

June 21 (longest day)

(November 2008) Act on Greenland Self Government

the laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply

18 years of age; universal

unicameral Parliament or Inatsisartut (Landsting) (31 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre Landsret or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in Copenhagen)

Atassut Party (Solidarity) [Gerhardt PETERSEN] (a conservative party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark); Demokratiit [Jens B. FREDERIKSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Inuit Community) [Kuupik KLEIST] (a leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule); Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List) [Anthon FREDERIKSEN] (an independent right-of-center party with no official platform); Siumut (Forward Party) [Alega HAMMOND] (a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark)

Arctic Council, NC, NIB, UPU

none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark

The economy remains critically dependent on exports of shrimp and fish and on a substantial subsidy - about $650 million in 2009 - from the Danish Government, which supplies nearly 60% of government revenues. The public sector, including publicly owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays the dominant role in Greenland's economy. Greenland's GDP contracted about 2% in 2009 as a result of the global economic slowdown. Budget surpluses turned to deficits beginning in 2007 and unemployment has risen. During the last decade the Greenland Home Rule Government (GHRG) pursued conservative fiscal and monetary policies, but public pressure has increased for better schools, health care and retirement systems. The Greenlandic economy has benefited from increasing catches and exports of shrimp, Greenland halibut and, more recently, crabs. Due to Greenland's continued dependence on exports of fish - which account for 82% of exports - the economy remains very sensitive to foreign developments. International consortia are increasingly active in exploring for hydrocarbon resources off Greenland's western coast, and international studies indicate the potential for oil and gas fields in northern and northeastern Greenland. In May 2007 a US aluminum producer concluded a memorandum of understanding with the Greenland Home Rule Government to build an aluminum smelter and a power generation facility, which takes advantage of Greenland's abundant hydropower potential. Within the area of mining, olivine sand continues to be produced and gold production has resumed in south Greenland. Tourism also offers another avenue of economic growth for Greenland, with increasing numbers of cruise lines now operating in Greenland's western and southern waters during the peak summer tourism season.

$1.989 billion (2009 est.)

$2.03 billion (2008 est.)

$2.03 billion (2008)

-2% (2009 est.)

1.5% (2008 est.)

4% (2007 est.)

$36,500 (2008 est.)

$35,900 (2007 est.)

28,240 (January 2009)

6.8% (2007 est.)

7.3% (2006 est.)

9.2% (2007 est.)

9.4% (2008 est.)

1% (2005 est.)

forage crops, garden and greenhouse vegetables; sheep, reindeer; fish

fish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut); gold, niobium, tantalite, uranium, iron and diamond mining; handicrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards

NA%

310.3 million kWh (2008 est.)

285.6 million kWh (2008 est.)

0 kWh (2008)

0 kWh (2008)

0 bbl/day

4,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

1,183 bbl/day (2008)

5,172 bbl/day (2008 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

0 cu m (2008)

0 cu m (2008)

0 cu m (2008)

0 cu m (2008)

0 cu m (1 January 2010 est.)

$485 million (2008)

$428 million (2007)

fish and fish products 72%, metals 10% (2008)

Denmark 61.13%, Japan 13.69%, China 6.15%, Sweden 5.21% (2009)

$867 million (2008)

$669 million (2007)

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, petroleum products

Denmark 74.93%, Sweden 11.73%, Norway 2.29% (2009)

$58 million (2009)

$25 million (1999)

Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar -

5.624 (2010)

5.361 (2009)

5.4797 (2007)

5.9468 (2006)

22,000 (2009)

53,500 (2009)

the Greenland Broadcasting Company provides public radio and television services throughout the island with a broadcast station and a series of repeaters; a few private local television and radio stations broadcast; Danish public radio rebroadcasts are available (2007)

.gl

15,668 (2010)

36,000 (2009)

15 (2010)

Sisimiut

no regular military forces

defense is the responsibility of Denmark

managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission