Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS took over as head of state in early 2009.

Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo

8 00 N, 2 00 W

Africa

slightly smaller than Oregon

539 km

tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone

340 sq km (2008)

53.2 cu km (2001)

dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts

recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water

Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake

24,791,073 (July 2011 est.)

1.822% (2011 est.)

27.55 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

8.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

-0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

ACCRA (capital) 2.269 million; Kumasi 1.773 million (2009)

3.48 children born/woman (2011 est.)

1.8% (2009 est.)

260,000 (2009 est.)

18,000 (2009 est.)

urban: 90% of population

rural: 74% of population

total: 82% of population

urban: 10% of population

rural: 26% of population

total: 18% of population (2008)

urban: 18% of population

rural: 7% of population

total: 13% of population

urban: 82% of population

rural: 93% of population

total: 87% of population (2008)

Akan 45.3%, Mole-Dagbon 15.2%, Ewe 11.7%, Ga-Dangme 7.3%, Guan 4%, Gurma 3.6%, Grusi 2.6%, Mande-Busanga 1%, other tribes 1.4%, other 7.8% (2000 census)

Christian 68.8% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 24.1%, Protestant 18.6%, Catholic 15.1%, other 11%), Muslim 15.9%, traditional 8.5%, other 0.7%, none 6.1% (2000 census)

Asante 14.8%, Ewe 12.7%, Fante 9.9%, Boron (Brong) 4.6%, Dagomba 4.3%, Dangme 4.3%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7%, Akyem 3.4%, Ga 3.4%, Akuapem 2.9%, other (includes English (official)) 36.1% (2000 census)

5.4% of GDP (2005)

constitutional democracy

10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western

6 March 1957 (from the UK)

Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

approved 28 April 1992

mixed system of English common law and customary law

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

unicameral Parliament (230 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote in single-seat constituencies to serve four-year terms)

Supreme Court; High Court; Court of Appeal; regional tribunals

Convention People's Party or CPP [Ladi NYLANDER]; Democratic Freedom Party or DFP [Alhaji Abudu Rahman ISSAKAH]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTEY]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Kwabena ADJEI]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Jake OBETSEBI-LAMPEY]; People's National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RAMADAN]; Reform Party [Kyeretwie OPUKU]; United Renaissance Party or URP [Charles WAYO]

Christian Aid (water rights); Committee for Joint Action or CJA (education reform); National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights); Oxfam (water rights); Public Citizen (water rights); Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform); Third World Network (education reform)

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF (associate member), OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom

Ghana is well endowed with natural resources and agriculture accounts for roughly one-third of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for 40% of GDP. Gold and cocoa production and individual remittances are major sources of foreign exchange. Oil production at Ghana's offshore Jubilee field began in mid-December and is expected to boost economic growth. Ghana signed a Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact in 2006, which aims to assist in transforming Ghana's agricultural sector. Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) program in 2002, and is also benefiting from the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative that took effect in 2006. In 2009 Ghana signed a three-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF to improve macroeconomic stability, private sector competitiveness, human resource development, and good governance and civic responsibility. Sound macro-economic management along with high prices for gold and cocoa helped sustain GDP growth in 2008-10. In early 2010 President John Atta MILLS targeted recovery from high inflation and current account and budget deficits as his priorities.

$61.97 billion (2010 est.)

$58.61 billion (2009 est.)

$56 billion (2008 est.)

$31.08 billion (2010 est.)

5.7% (2010 est.)

4.7% (2009 est.)

8.4% (2008 est.)

$2,500 (2010 est.)

$2,500 (2009 est.)

$2,400 (2008 est.)

10.56 million (2010 est.)

11% (2000 est.)

28.5% (2007 est.)

39.4 (2005-06)

40.7 (1999)

39.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

59.9% of GDP (2010 est.)

55.2% of GDP (2009 est.)

10.9% (2010 est.)

19.3% (2009 est.)

18% (31 December 2009)

17% (31 December 2008)

NA%

$6.26 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$5.203 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$9.583 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$7.823 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$7.155 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$6.987 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$2.508 billion (31 December 2009)

$3.394 billion (31 December 2008)

$2.38 billion (31 December 2007)

cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber

mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building

5% (2010 est.)

6.746 billion kWh (2007 est.)

5.702 billion kWh (2007 est.)

249 million kWh (2007 est.)

435 million kWh (2007 est.)

7,081 bbl/day (2009 est.)

57,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

4,843 bbl/day (2007 est.)

45,380 bbl/day (2007 est.)

15 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

0 cu m (2008 est.)

0 cu m (2008 est.)

0 cu m (2008 est.)

0 cu m (2008 est.)

22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)

$-1.871 billion (2010 est.)

$-1.199 billion (2009 est.)

$7.326 billion (2010 est.)

$5.84 billion (2009 est.)

gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticulture

Netherlands 13.45%, UK 7.87%, France 5.85%, Ukraine 5.84%, Malaysia 3.97% (2009)

$10.18 billion (2010 est.)

$8.046 billion (2009 est.)

capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs

China 16.8%, Nigeria 11.88%, US 6.63%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.99%, India 5.57%, France 5.09%, UK 4.23% (2009)

$3.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$3.165 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$6.483 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$5.427 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$NA

$NA

cedis (GHC) per US dollar -

1.429 (2010)

1.409 (2009)

1.1 (2008)

0.95 (2007)

9,174.8 (2006)

267,400 (2009)

15.109 million (2009)

state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately-owned TV stations and a large number of privately-owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable (2007)

.gh

41,082 (2010)

1.297 million (2009)

11 (2010)

gas 1 km; oil 5 km; refined products 312 km (2010)

1,293 km (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta) (2011)

Takoradi, Tema

Ghana Army, Ghana Navy, Ghana Air Force (2011)

18 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription (2010)

1.7% of GDP (2009)

Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a well developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use