Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Southern Africa, north of South Africa

slightly smaller than Texas

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

overgrazing; desertification; limited freshwater resources

landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

2,065,398 (July 2011 est.)

22.31 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

10.57 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

4.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population

GABORONE (capital) 196,000 (2009)

2.5 children born/woman (2011 est.)

urban: 99% of population

rural: 90% of population

total: 95% of population

urban: 1% of population

rural: 10% of population

total: 5% of population (2008)

urban: 74% of population

rural: 39% of population

total: 60% of population

urban: 26% of population

rural: 61% of population

total: 40% of population (2008)

Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Christian 71.6%, Badimo 6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%, none 20.6% (2001 census)

Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English (official) 2.1%, other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)

parliamentary republic

9 districts and 5 town councils*; Central, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Northeast, Northwest, Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern

30 September 1966 (from the UK)

Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)

March 1965; effective 30 September 1966

mixed legal system of civil law influenced by the Roman-Dutch model and also customary and common law

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body with 8 ex-officio members consisting of the chiefs of the principal tribes, and 7 non-permanent members serving 5-year terms, consisting of 4 elected subchiefs and 3 members selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (63 seats; 57 members directly elected by popular vote, 4 appointed by the majority party, and 2, the President and Attorney General, serve as ex-officio members; members serve five-year terms)

High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)

Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Gilson SALESHANDO]; Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Daniel KWELAGOBE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Bernard BALIKANI]; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS [Themba JOINA]; New Democratic Front or NDF [Dick BAYFORD]

First People of the Kalahari (Bushman organization); Pitso Ya Ba Tswana; Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (Kalanga elites)

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony

Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966, though growth fell below 5% in 2007-08, and turned sharply negative in 2009, with industry falling nearly 30%. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $13,100 in 2010. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP, 70-80% of export earnings, and about half of the government's revenues. Botswana's heavy reliance on a single luxury export was a critical factor in the sharp economic contraction of 2009. Tourism, financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other key sectors. Although unemployment was 7.5% in 2007 according to official reports, unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in diamond mining production within the next two decades overshadows long-term prospects.

$28.49 billion (2010 est.)

$26.24 billion (2009 est.)

$27.24 billion (2008 est.)

$14.03 billion (2010 est.)

685,300 formal sector employees (2007)

28.2% of GDP (2010 est.)

22.6% of GDP (2010 est.)

18.6% of GDP (2009 est.)

10% (31 December 2009)

15% (31 December 2008)

13.76% (31 December 2009 est.)

16.54% (31 December 2008 est.)

$1.146 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$939.1 million (31 December 2009 est.)

$6.679 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$5.357 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.361 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

$2.06 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

$3.991 billion (31 December 2009)

$3.556 billion (31 December 2008)

$5.887 billion (31 December 2007)

livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver; livestock processing; textiles

1.052 billion kWh (2007 est.)

2.648 billion kWh (2007 est.)

2.181 billion kWh (2008 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

15,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2007 est.)

15,180 bbl/day (2007 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2010 est.)

$-552 million (2010 est.)

$-762 million (2009 est.)

$4.419 billion (2010 est.)

$3.385 billion (2009 est.)

diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles

$4.518 billion (2010 est.)

$4.243 billion (2009 est.)

foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products

$7.834 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$8.704 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$2.222 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.681 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

pulas (BWP) per US dollar -

1.874 million (2009)

2 TV stations - 1 state-owned and 1 privately-owned; privately-owned satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned national radio stations; 3 privately-owned radio stations broadcast locally (2007)

Botswana Defense Force (BDF): Ground Forces Command, Air Arm Command, Logistics Command (2011)

18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service; official minimum age is unknown (2001)