CIA - The World Factbook

Eastern Turkmenistan for centuries formed part of the Persian province of Khurasan; in medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were to be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to diversify its gas export routes beyond the existing Russian pipeline network. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential electoral process in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a vice premier under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president.

Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

slightly larger than California

0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west

petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt

contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau

4,940,916 (July 2010 est.)

19.62 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)

6.27 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

-1.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)

2.19 children born/woman (2010 est.)

less than 0.1% (2007 est.)

fewer than 200 (2007 est.)

fewer than 100 (2004 est.)

Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule, with power concentrated within the executive branch

5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty

27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

adopted 26 September 2008

transitioning to civil law system and influenced by Islamic law tradition; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

unicameral parliament known as the National Assembly (Mejlis) (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW]

ADB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam, the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was the world's 10th-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years have led to an almost 50% decline in cotton exports. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. New pipelines to China and Iran, that began operation in late 2009 or early 2010, will give Turkmenistan additional export routes for its gas. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. In addition, the global recession and a contract dispute with Russia that had virtually stopped exports via this major export route for about 9 months slowed Turkmenistan's economy in 2009. In the past, Turkmenistan's economic statistics were state secrets. The new government has established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity.

$33.58 billion (2009 est.)

$31.65 billion (2008 est.)

$28.82 billion (2007 est.)

$16.24 billion (2009 est.)

2.3 million (2008 est.)

6.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

cotton, grain; livestock

natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

15.5 billion kWh (2009 est.)

13 billion kWh (2009 est.)

2.5 billion kWh (2009 est.)

191,800 bbl/day (2009 est.)

153,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)

38,360 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

700 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)

34 billion cu m (2009 est.)

20 billion cu m (2009 est.)

14 billion cu m (2009 est.)

7.94 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)

$2.011 billion (2009 est.)

$4.669 billion (2008 est.)

$8.29 billion (2009 est.)

$11.92 billion (2008 est.)

gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber

Ukraine 51.6%, Poland 10%, Hungary 8% (2008)

$4.442 billion (2009 est.)

$5.654 billion (2008 est.)

machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Russia 16.8%, China 16.7%, Turkey 13.8%, UAE 10.2%, Ukraine 7.8%, Germany 5.5%, Iran 5% (2008)

$10.51 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$13.88 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

$5 billion (2009 est.)

$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 2.85 (2009), 14,250 (2008)

1.135 million (2008)

AM 12, FM 9, shortwave 2 (2008)

4 (government-owned and programmed) (2008)

gas 6,417 km; oil 1,457 km (2009)

1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2008)

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2010)

18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2007)

3.4% of GDP (2005 est.)

cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed

transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan