Legend:
 Definition
 Field Listing
 Rank Order
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Background:
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Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu BANDA the country held multiparty elections in 1994, under a provisional constitution, which came into full effect the following year. Current President Bakili MULUZI came to power in the 1994 elections and was reelected to office in 1999. His attempts to amend the constitution to allow for a third term have been unsuccessful. Increasing corruption, population growth, increasing pressure on agricultural lands, and HIV/AIDS pose major problems for the country.
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Location:
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Southern Africa, east of Zambia
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Geographic coordinates:
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13 30 S, 34 00 E
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Map references:
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Africa
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Area:
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total: 118,480 sq km
water: 24,400 sq km
land: 94,080 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,881 km
border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked)
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Maritime claims - as described in UNCLOS 1982 (see Notes and Definitions):
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none (landlocked)
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Climate:
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sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
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Terrain:
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narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international boundary with Mozambique 37 m
highest point: Sapitwa (Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m
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Natural resources:
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limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
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Land use:
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arable land: 19.93%
permanent crops: 1.33%
other: 78.74% (1998 est.)
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Irrigated land:
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280 sq km (1998 est.)
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Natural hazards:
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NA
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature
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Population:
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11,906,855
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 46.8% (male 2,811,751; female 2,759,515)
15-64 years: 50.5% (male 2,978,406; female 3,029,735)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 130,600; female 196,848) (2004 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 16.4 years
male: 16.1 years
female: 16.7 years (2004 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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2.14% (2004 est.)
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Birth rate:
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44.35 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
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Death rate:
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23.01 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 104.23 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 99.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 108.4 deaths/1,000 live births
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 37.48 years
male: 37.08 years
female: 37.88 years (2004 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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6.04 children born/woman (2004 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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15% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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850,000 (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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80,000 (2001 est.)
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Nationality:
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noun: Malawian(s)
adjective: Malawian
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Ethnic groups:
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Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European
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Religions:
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Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs 3%, other 2%
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Languages:
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English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 62.7%
male: 76.1%
female: 49.8% (2003 est.)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
conventional short form: Malawi
former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate, Nyasaland
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Government type:
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multiparty democracy
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Capital:
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Lilongwe
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Administrative divisions:
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27 districts; Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba
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Independence:
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6 July 1964 (from UK)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day (Republic Day), 6 July (1964)
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Constitution:
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18 May 1994
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Legal system:
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based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: 46-member Cabinet named by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held 18 May 2004)
election results: Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held 18 May 2004)
election results: percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 96, MCP 61, AFORD 30, others 6
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts
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Political parties and leaders:
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Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA]; Movement for Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Du MHANGO]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA
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International organization participation:
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ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Paul Tony Steven KANDIERO
FAX: [1] (202) 265-0976
telephone: [1] (202) 797-1007
chancery: 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen BROWNING
embassy: Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road
mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
telephone: [265] (1) 773 166
FAX: [265] (1) 770 471
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
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Government - note:
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the executive exerts considerable influence over the legislature
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Economy - overview:
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Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounted for nearly 40% of GDP and 88% of export revenues in 2001. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. In November 2002 the World Bank approved a $50 million drought recovery package, which is to be used for famine relief. The government faces strong challenges, e.g., to fully develop a market economy, to improve educational facilities, to face up to environmental problems, to deal with the rapidly growing problem of HIV/AIDS, and to satisfy foreign donors that fiscal discipline is being tightened. The performance of the tobacco sector is key to short-term growth as tobacco accounts for over 50% of exports.
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $6.845 billion (2003 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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1.7% (2003 est.)
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $600 (2003 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 40%
industry: 20%
services: 40% (2002 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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55% (2003 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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27.4% (2001 est.)
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Labor force:
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4.5 million (2001 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 90% (2003 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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NA% (2003 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $490 million
expenditures: $523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
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Industries:
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tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-0.8% (2002 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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769.2 million kWh (2001)
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 3.3%
hydro: 96.7%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%
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Electricity - consumption:
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715.3 million kWh (2001)
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001)
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001)
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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5,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)
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Oil - exports:
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NA
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Oil - imports:
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NA
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Agriculture - products:
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tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; groundnuts, Macadamia nuts; cattle, goats
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Exports:
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$455 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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tobacco 60%, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products, apparel
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Exports - partners:
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South Africa 22%, US 14.7%, Germany 12.2%, Egypt 5.3%, Japan 5.1%, Netherlands 4.7%, Russia 4.1% (2002)
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Imports:
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$505 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment
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Imports - partners:
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South Africa 45.1%, Zambia 12.3%, US 5.4%, India 4.1% (2002)
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Debt - external:
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$3 billion (2003)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$540 million (1999)
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Currency:
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Malawian kwacha (MWK)
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Currency code:
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MWK
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Exchange rates:
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Malawian kwachas per US dollar - NA (2003), 76.69 (2002), 72.2 (2001), 59.54 (2000), 44.09 (1999)
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Fiscal year:
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1 July - 30 June
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Railways:
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total: 797 km
narrow gauge: 797 km 1.067-m gauge (2002)
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Highways:
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total: 28,400 km
paved: 5,254 km
unpaved: 23,146 km (1999 est.)
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Waterways:
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144 km
note: on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall
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Ports and harbors:
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Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba
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Airports:
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42 (2003 est.)
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2003 est.)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 38
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 20 (2003 est.)
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Disputes - international:
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dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
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This page was last updated on 11 May, 2004
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