| The World Factbook | ||
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Romania |
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| Introduction | Romania |
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Background:
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Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a Communist "peoples republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the government until 1996, when they were swept from power by a fractious coalition of centrist parties. Currently, the Social Democratic Party forms a nominally minority government, which governs with the support of the opposition Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Bucharest must address rampant corruption, while invigorating lagging economic and democratic reforms, before Romania can achieve its hope of joining the European Union. |
| Geography | Romania |
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Location:
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Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine |
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Geographic coordinates:
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46 00 N, 25 00 E |
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Map references:
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Europe |
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Area:
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total: 237,500 sq km
land: 230,340 sq km water: 7,160 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Oregon |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km |
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Coastline:
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225 km |
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Maritime claims:
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contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM |
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Climate:
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temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms |
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Terrain:
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central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower |
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Land use:
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arable land: 40.57%
permanent crops: 2.4% other: 57.03% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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28,800 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides |
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Environment - current issues:
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soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol |
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Geography - note:
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controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine |
| People | Romania |
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Population:
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22,271,839 (July 2003 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 16.9% (male 1,932,204; female 1,838,240)
15-64 years: 69% (male 7,634,481; female 7,739,232) 65 years and over: 14% (male 1,290,343; female 1,837,339) (2003 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 35.4 years
male: 34 years female: 37.1 years (2002) |
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Population growth rate:
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-0.21% (2003 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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10.79 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Death rate:
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12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 18.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 20.31 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 70.62 years
male: 66.88 years female: 74.59 years (2003 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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1.36 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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6,500 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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350 (2001 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian |
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Ethnic groups:
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Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002) |
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Religions:
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Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 87%, Protestant 6.8%, Catholic 5.6%, other (mostly Muslim) 0.4%, unaffiliated 0.2% (2002) |
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Languages:
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Romanian (official), Hungarian, German |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.4% male: 99.1% female: 97.7% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Romania |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania local short form: Romania local long form: none |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Bucharest |
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Administrative divisions:
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41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea |
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Independence:
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9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from Turkey; independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin; kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) |
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National holiday:
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Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918) |
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Constitution:
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8 December 1991 |
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Legal system:
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former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December 2000)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president head of government: Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29 December 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister election results: percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu Vadim TUDOR 33.16% |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (140 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (345 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004); Chamber of Deputies - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDSR (now PSD) 37.1%, PRM 21.0%, PD 7.6%, PNL 7.5%, UDMR 6.9%; seats by party - PSD 65, PRM 36, PNL 13, UDMR 12, PD 9, independents 5; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PDSR (now PSD) 36.6%, PRM 19.5%, PD 7.0%, PNL, 6.9%, UDMR 6.8%; seats by party - PSD 171, PRM 69, PD 29, PNL 27, UDMR 27, ethnic minorities 18, independents 4 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Party or PD [Traian BASESCU]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Theodor STOLOJAN]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Adrian NASTASE], formerly known as the Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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various human rights and professional associations |
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International organization participation:
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ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Sorin Dumitru DUCARU
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851 chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Michael GUEST
embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) telephone: [40] (21) 210-4042 FAX: [40] (21) 210-0395 branch office(s): Cluj-Napoca |
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Flag description:
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three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova |
| Economy | Romania |
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Economy - overview:
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Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity in construction, agriculture, and consumption have kept growth above 4%. An IMF Standby Agreement, signed in 2001, has been accompanied by slow but palpable gains in privatization, deficit reduction, and the curbing of inflation. Nonetheless, recent macroeconomic gains have done little to address Romania's widespread poverty, while corruption and red tape hinder foreign investment. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $166 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.5% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $7,400 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 15%
industry: 35% services: 50% (2001) |
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Population below poverty line:
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44.5% (2000) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 25% (1998) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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31.1 (1998) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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22.5% (2002 est.) |
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Labor force:
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9.9 million (1999 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 40%, industry 25%, services 35% (1998) |
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Unemployment rate:
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8.3% (2002) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $11.7 billion
expenditures: $12.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.) |
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Industries:
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textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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6% (2002) |
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Electricity - production:
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50.86 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 62.5%
hydro: 27.6% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 9.9% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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46.1 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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1.6 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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400 million kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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127,500 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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215,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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1.055 billion bbl (January 2002 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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111.1 billion cu m (January 2002 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep |
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Exports:
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$13.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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textiles and footwear, metals and metal products, machinery and equipment, minerals and fuels |
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Exports - partners:
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Italy 24.9%, Germany 15.6%, France 8.1%, Turkey, US (2001) |
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Imports:
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$16.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment 23%, fuels and minerals 12%, chemicals 9%, textile and products 19% (1999) |
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Imports - partners:
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Italy 19.9%, Germany 15.2%, Russia 7.6%, France (2001) |
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Debt - external:
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$13.7 billion (2002 est.) |
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Currency:
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leu (ROL) |
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Currency code:
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ROL |
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Exchange rates:
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lei per US dollar - 33,055.4 (2002), 29,060.8 (2001), 21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.58 (1998) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Romania |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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3.777 million (1997) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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645,500 (1999) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: poor domestic service, but improving
domestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have no service international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several international telecommunication network projects (1999) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998) |
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Radios:
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7.2 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995) |
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Televisions:
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5.25 million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.ro |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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38 (2000) |
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Internet users:
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1 million (2002) |
| Transportation | Romania |
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Railways:
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total: 11,385 km (3,888 km electrified)
standard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2002) broad gage: 60 km 1.524-m gauge |
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Highways:
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total: 153,359 km
paved: 103,671 km (including 133 km of expressways) unpaved: 49,688 km (1998 est.) |
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Waterways:
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1,724 km (1984) |
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 61 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 494,670 GRT/650,863 DWT
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Greece 1, Italy 5 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 39, container 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 4, railcar carrier 2, roll on/roll off 4 |
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Airports:
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65 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 26
over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2002) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 39
under 914 m: 25 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 12 |
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Heliports:
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1 (2002) |
| Military | Romania |
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Military branches:
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Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (AMR), Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guards |
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Military manpower - military age:
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20 years of age (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 5,912,284 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 4,974,240 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
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males: 157,840 (2003 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$985 million (2002) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2.47% (2002) |
| Transnational Issues | Romania |
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Disputes - international:
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has not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years; joint boundary commission is rectifying boundary with Bulgaria based on shifts in Danube since last delimitation in 1920; Hungary has yet to amend status law extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who protest the law |
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Illicit drugs:
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major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe |
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This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003 |