| The World Factbook | ||
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Ecuador |
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| Introduction | Ecuador |
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Background:
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The "Republic of the Equator" was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. |
| Geography | Ecuador |
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Location:
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Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru |
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Geographic coordinates:
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2 00 S, 77 30 W |
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Map references:
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South America |
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Area:
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total: 283,560 sq km
note: includes Galapagos Islands water: 6,720 sq km land: 276,840 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Nevada |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,010 km
border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km |
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Coastline:
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2,237 km |
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Maritime claims:
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continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands
territorial sea: 200 NM |
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Climate:
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tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands |
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Terrain:
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coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente) |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower |
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Land use:
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arable land: 5.69%
permanent crops: 5.15% other: 89.16% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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8,650 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts |
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Galapagos Islands |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world |
| People | Ecuador |
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Population:
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13,710,234 (July 2003 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 34.9% (male 2,430,303; female 2,351,166)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 4,116,289; female 4,198,667) 65 years and over: 4.5% (male 284,082; female 329,727) (2003 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 22.5 years
male: 22 years female: 23 years (2002) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.91% (2003 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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24.94 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Death rate:
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5.29 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 31.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 37.28 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 71.89 years
male: 69.06 years female: 74.86 years (2003 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.99 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.3% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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20,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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1,700 (2001 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Ecuadorian(s)
adjective: Ecuadorian |
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Ethnic groups:
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mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3% |
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 95% |
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Languages:
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Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5% male: 94% female: 91% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Ecuador |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form: Ecuador local short form: Ecuador local long form: Republica del Ecuador |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Quito |
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Administrative divisions:
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22 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe |
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Independence:
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24 May 1822 (from Spain) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809) |
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Constitution:
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10 August 1998 |
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Legal system:
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based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional for other eligible voters |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Lucio GUTIERREZ (since 15 January 2003); Vice President Alfredo PALACIO (since 15 January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
elections: the president and vice president are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term (no reelection); election last held 20 October 2002; runoff election held 24 November 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006) head of government: President Lucio GUTIERREZ (since 15 January 2003); Vice President Alfredo PALACIO (since 15 January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election - Lucio GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ 54.3%; Alvaro NOBOA 45.7% |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (100 seats; members are popularly elected by province to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PSC 25, PRE 15, ID 16, PRIAN 10, PSP 9, Pachakutik Movement 6, MPD 5, DP 4, PS 3, independents 7; note - defections by members of National Congress are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (new justices are elected by the full Supreme Court) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; National Action Institutional Renewal Party or PRIAN [leader NA]; Pachakutik Movement [Miguel LLUCO]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [leader NA]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Pascual DEL CIOPPO]; Socialist Party or PS [leader NA] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Leonidas IZA, president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon SANTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Marco MURILLO, president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE LA CRUZ, president]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS] |
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International organization participation:
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CAN, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Carlos A. JATIVA
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Philadelphia, and San Francisco FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482 telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200 chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Kristie Anne KENNEY
embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito mailing address: APO AA 34039 telephone: [593] (2) 256-2890 FAX: [593] (2) 250-2052 consulate(s) general: Guayaquil |
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Flag description:
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three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms |
| Economy | Ecuador |
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Economy - overview:
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Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Because the country exports primary products such as oil, bananas, and shrimp, fluctuations in world market prices can have a substantial domestic impact. Ecuador joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1996, but has failed to comply with many of its accession commitments. The aftermath of El Nino and depressed oil market of 1997-98 drove Ecuador's economy into a free-fall in 1999. The beginning of 1999 saw the banking sector collapse, which helped precipitate an unprecedented default on external loans later that year. Continued economic instability drove a 70% depreciation of the currency throughout 1999, which forced a desperate government to "dollarize" the currency regime in 2000. The move stabilized the currency, but did not stave off the ouster of the government. Gustavo NOBOA, who assumed the presidency in January 2000, has managed to pass substantial economic reforms and mend relations with international financial institutions. Ecuador completed its first standby agreement since 1986 when the IMF Board approved a 10 December 2001 disbursement of $96 million, the final installment of a $300 million standby credit agreement. In February 2003, newly installed president Lucio GUTIERREZ faced a budget gap and massive foreign debt. He has pledged to use oil revenues to pay off debt and is seeking additional IMF support. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $41.7 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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3.3% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 11%
industry: 33% services: 56% (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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70% (2001 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1995) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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43.7 (1995) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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12.5% (2002 est.) |
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Labor force:
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3.7 million (urban) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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7.7%; note - widespread underemployment (2001 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $5.6 billion
expenditures: planned $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.) |
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Industries:
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petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal work, paper products, wood products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, lumber |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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5.1% (2001 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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10.74 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 34.8%
hydro: 65.2% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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9.989 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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421,200 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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2.358 billion bbl (January 2002 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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106.5 billion cu m (January 2002 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp |
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Exports:
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$4.9 billion (2002 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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petroleum, bananas, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, cut flowers, fish |
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Exports - partners:
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US 38.3%, Peru 7.3%, Colombia 7.0%, Italy 4.3%, Venezuela 3.6%, Chile (2001) |
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Imports:
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$6 billion (2002 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw materials, fuels; consumer goods |
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Imports - partners:
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US 24.7%, Colombia 14.4%, Japan 6.6%, Venezuela 5.5%, Chile 5.0%, Brazil (2001) |
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Debt - external:
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$14.4 billion (2002) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$120 million (2001) |
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Currency:
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US dollar (USD) |
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Currency code:
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USD |
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Exchange rates:
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sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001), 24,988.4 (2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.57 (1998) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Ecuador |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1,115,272 (1999) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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384,000 (1999) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 392, FM 35, shortwave 29 (2001) |
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Radios:
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5 million (2001) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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7 (plus 14 repeaters) (2001) |
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Televisions:
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2.5 million (2001) |
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Internet country code:
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.ec |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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31 (2001) |
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Internet users:
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328,000 (2002) |
| Transportation | Ecuador |
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Railways:
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total: 966 km
narrow gauge: 966 km 1.067-m gauge (2002) |
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Highways:
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total: 43,197 km
paved: 8,165 km unpaved: 35,032 km (2001) |
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Waterways:
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1,500 km |
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Pipelines:
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crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km |
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Ports and harbors:
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Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, San Lorenzo |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 239,276 GRT/392,048 DWT
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Chile 1, Greece 1 (2002 est.) ships by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 1, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 23, specialized tanker 1 |
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Airports:
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205 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 61
over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 18 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 144
914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 113 (2002) |
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Heliports:
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1 (2002) |
| Military | Ecuador |
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Military branches:
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Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police |
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Military manpower - military age:
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20 years of age (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 3,555,068 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 2,395,178 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
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males: 137,433 (2003 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$720 million (FY98) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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3.4% (FY98) |
| Transnational Issues | Ecuador |
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Disputes - international:
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none |
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Illicit drugs:
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significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; dollarization may raise the volume of money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents |
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This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003 |