| The World Factbook | ||
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Cyprus |
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| Introduction | Cyprus |
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Background:
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Independence from the UK was approved in 1960, with constitutional guarantees by the Greek Cypriot majority to the Turkish Cypriot minority. In 1974, a Greek-sponsored attempt to seize the government was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled almost 40% of the island. In 1983, the Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," but it is recognized only by Turkey. UN-led direct talks between the two sides to reach a comprehensive settlement to the division of the island began in January 2002. |
| Geography | Cyprus |
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Location:
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Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey |
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Geographic coordinates:
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35 00 N, 33 00 E |
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Map references:
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Middle East |
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Area:
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total: 9,250 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in the Turkish Cypriot area)
water: 10 sq km land: 9,240 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut |
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Land boundaries:
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0 km |
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Coastline:
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648 km |
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Maritime claims:
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continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
territorial sea: 12 NM |
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Climate:
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temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters |
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Terrain:
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central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Olympus 1,951 m |
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Natural resources:
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copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment |
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Land use:
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arable land: 10.61%
permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.74% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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400 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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moderate earthquake activity; droughts |
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Environment - current issues:
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water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants |
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Geography - note:
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the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia) |
| People | Cyprus |
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Population:
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771,657 (July 2003 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 21.9% (male 86,446; female 82,769)
15-64 years: 67% (male 261,404; female 255,409) 65 years and over: 11.1% (male 37,345; female 48,284) (2003 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 34.2 years
male: 33.1 years female: 35.2 years (2002) |
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Population growth rate:
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0.56% (2003 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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12.77 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Death rate:
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7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 7.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 9.43 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 77.27 years
male: 74.94 years female: 79.71 years (2003 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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1.88 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.3% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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less than 1,000 (1999 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA |
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Nationality:
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noun: Cypriot(s)
adjective: Cypriot |
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Ethnic groups:
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Greek 85.2%, Turkish 11.6%, other 3.2% (2000) |
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Religions:
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Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian Apostolic, and other 4% |
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Languages:
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Greek, Turkish, English |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.6% male: 98.9% female: 96.3% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Cyprus |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form: Cyprus note: the Turkish Cypriot area refers to itself as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC) |
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Government type:
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republic
note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974 after a Greek junta-based coup attempt gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly support a settlement based on a federation (Greek Cypriot position) or confederation (Turkish Cypriot position) |
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Capital:
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Nicosia |
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Administrative divisions:
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6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos; note - Turkish Cypriot area's administrative divisions include Kyrenia, all but a small part of Famagusta, and small parts of Lefkosa (Nicosia) and Larnaca |
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Independence:
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16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriot area proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriot area celebrates 15 November (1983) as Independence Day |
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Constitution:
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16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new constitution for the Turkish Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985 |
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Legal system:
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based on common law, with civil law modifications |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and vice president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 February 2003 (next to be held NA February 2008) note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 13 February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for a five-year term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president after the other contender withdrew; Dervis EROGLU has been "prime minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 16 August 1996; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area election results: Tassos PAPADOPOULOS elected president; percent of vote - Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 51.5%, Glafkos KLIRIDIS 38.8%, Alekos MARKIDIS 6.6% |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral - Greek Cypriot area: House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
election results: Greek Cypriot area: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - AKEL 34.71%, DISY 34%, DIKO 14.84%, KISOS 6.51%, others 9.94%; seats by party - AKEL (Communist) 20, DISY 19, DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly of the Republic - percent of vote by party - UBP 40.3%, DP 22.6%, TKP 15.4%, CTP 13.4%, UDP 4.6%, YBH 2.5%, BP 1.2%; seats by party - UBP 24, DP 13, TKP 7, CTP 6 elections: Greek Cypriot area: last held 27 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2006); Turkish Cypriot area: last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2003) |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president and vice president)
note: there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish Cypriot area |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Greek Cypriot area: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS]; Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS]; New Horizons [Nikolaus KOUTSOU]; Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS (formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Yiannakis OMIROU]; United Democrats Movement or EDE [George VASSILIOU]; Turkish Cypriot area: Communal Liberation Party or TKP [Mustafa AKINCI]; Democratic Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Izzet IZCAN]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled) |
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International organization participation:
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Australia Group, C, CE, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Erato KOZAKOU-MARCOULLIS
chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 483-6710 note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot area in the US is Osman ERTUG; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198 consulate(s): New York consulate(s) general: New York telephone: [1] (202) 462-5772 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KLOSSON
embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, 2407 Nicosia mailing address: P. O. Box 1385, Nikosia, FPO AE 09836 telephone: [357] (22) 776400 FAX: [357] (22) 780944 |
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Flag description:
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white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a white field |
| Economy | Cyprus |
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Economy - overview:
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The Greek Cypriot economy is prosperous but highly susceptible to external shocks. Erratic growth rates over the past decade reflect the economy's vulnerability to swings in tourist arrivals, caused by political instability in the region and fluctuations in economic conditions in Western Europe. Economic policy is focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the EU. As in the Turkish sector, water shortages are a perennial problem; a few desalination plants are now online. The Turkish Cypriot economy has roughly 40% of the per capita GDP of the south. Because it is recognized only by Turkey, it has had much difficulty arranging foreign financing and investment. It remains heavily dependent on agriculture and government service, which together employ about half of the work force. To compensate for the economy's weakness, Turkey provides grants and loans to support economic development. Ankara provided $200 million in 2002 and pledged $450 million for the 2003-05 period. Future events throughout the island will be highly influenced by the outcome of negotiations on the UN-sponsored agreement to unite the Greek and Turkish areas. |
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GDP:
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Greek Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $9.4 billion (2001 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $787 million (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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Greek Cypriot area: 1.7% (2001 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 2.6% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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Greek Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $15,000 (2001 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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Greek Cypriot area: agriculture 4.6%; industry 19.9%; services 19.9%
Turkish Cypriot area: agriculture 75.5%; industry 20.7%; services 71% (2001) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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Greek Cypriot area: 2.8% (2001 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 24.5% (2002 est.) |
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Labor force:
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Greek Cypriot area: 291,000; Turkish Cypriot area: 86,300 (2000) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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Greek Cypriot area: services 73%, industry 22%, agriculture 5% (2000); Turkish Cypriot area: services 56.4%, industry 22.8%, agriculture 20.8% (1998) |
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Unemployment rate:
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Greek Cypriot area: 3.3%; Turkish Cypriot area: 5.6% (1999 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: Greek Cypriot area - $4.4 billion, Turkish Cypriot area - $231.3 million (2002 est.)
expenditures: $3.7 billion, Greek Cypriot area - $539 million, including capital expenditures of $539 million, Turkish Cypriot area - $432.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) |
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Industries:
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food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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Greek Cypriot area: -1.4% (2002); Turkish Cypriot area: -0.3% (1999) |
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Electricity - production:
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3.401 billion kWh; Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 100%
other: 0% (2001) hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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Greek Cypriot area: 3.163 billion kWh; Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA (2001) |
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Agriculture - products:
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potatoes, citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables |
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Exports:
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Greek Cypriot area: $1.03 billion f.o.b. Turkish Cypriot area: $46 million f.o.b. (2001 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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Greek Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing and cigarettes; Turkish Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, textiles |
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Exports - partners:
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Greek Cypriot area: EU 36% (UK 21%, Greece 9%), Russia 10%, Syria 7%, Lebanon 5%, US 2% (2000); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkey 36.3%, UK 26.5%, Middle East 7.0% (2001) |
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Imports:
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Greek Cypriot area: $3.9 billion f.o.b.; Turkish Cypriot area: $301 million f.o.b. (2001) |
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Imports - commodities:
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Greek Cypriot area: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment; Turkish Cypriot area: food, minerals, chemicals, machinery |
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Imports - partners:
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Greek Cypriot area: EU 52% (UK 11%, Italy 9%, Greece 9%, Germany 7%), US 10% (2000); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkey 65.1%, UK 10.4%, other EU 13.4% (2001) |
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Debt - external:
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Greek Cypriot area: $8 billion; Turkish Cypriot area: $NA (2002) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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Greek Cypriot area - $17 million (1998); Turkish Cypriot area - $700 million from Turkey in grants and loans (1990-97), which are usually forgiven (1998) |
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Currency:
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Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish lira (TRL) |
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Currency code:
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CYP; TRL |
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Exchange rates:
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Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.6107 (2002), 0.6431 (2001), 0.6224 (2000), 0.5429 (1999), 0.5178 (1998), Turkish lira per US dollar NA (2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Cyprus |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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Greek Cypriot area: 405,000 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: 83,162 (1998) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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Greek Cypriot area: 68,000 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: 70,000 (1999) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: excellent in both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot areas
domestic: open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay international: tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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Greek Cypriot area: AM 7, FM 60, shortwave 1 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998) |
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Radios:
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Greek Cypriot area: 310,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 56,450 (1994) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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Greek Cypriot area: 4 (plus 225 low-power repeaters) (September 1995); Turkish Cypriot area: 4 (plus 5 repeaters) (September 1995) |
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Televisions:
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Greek Cypriot area: 248,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 52,300 (1994) |
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Internet country code:
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.cy |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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6 (2000) |
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Internet users:
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150,000 (2002) |
| Transportation | Cyprus |
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Railways:
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0 km |
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Highways:
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total: Greek Cypriot area: 10,663 km (1998 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 2,350 km (1996 est.)
paved: Greek Cypriot area: 6,249 km (1998 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 1,370 km (1996 est.) unpaved: Greek Cypriot area: 4,414 km (1998 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 980 km (1996 est.) |
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Waterways:
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none |
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Ports and harbors:
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Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos, Vasilikos |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 1,180 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 23,106,229 GRT/37,032,163 DWT
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Austria 12, Belgium 2, Bulgaria 2, Canada 3, Chile 2, China 16, Croatia 2, Cuba 11, Finland 1, Germany 229, Greece 607, Guam 1, Hong Kong 6, India 6, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Israel 5, Italy 1, Japan 26, Latvia 14, Lebanon 1, Lithuania 2, Mexico 1, Monaco 10, Netherlands 30, Norway 23, Panama 1, Philippines 2, Poland 19, Portugal 2, Russia 57, Singapore 2, Slovenia 2, South Korea 4, Spain 7, Sudan 2, Sweden 6, Switzerland 4, Turkey 1, Ukraine 1, United Arab Emirates 13, United Kingdom 6, United States 4, Vietnam 1 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 421, cargo 325, chemical tanker 25, combination bulk 24, combination ore/oil 2, container 151, liquefied gas 2, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 124, refrigerated cargo 45, roll on/roll off 37, short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 3 |
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Airports:
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16 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 3 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2002) |
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Heliports:
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10 (2002) |
| Military | Cyprus |
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Military branches:
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Greek Cypriot area: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), Greek Cypriot Police
Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK) |
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Military manpower - military age:
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18 years of age (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - availability:
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males age 15-49: 201,606 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - fit for military service:
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males age 15-49: 138,336 (2003 est.) |
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Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
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males: 6,638 (2003 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$384 million (FY02) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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3.8% (FY02) |
| Transnational Issues | Cyprus |
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Disputes - international:
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hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a Greek Cypriot area controlled by the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot area, separated by a UN buffer zone; UN deadline on sides accepting a federation plan for reunification have expired, diminishing chances of Turkish-Cypriot participation in EU membership in 2004 |
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Illicit drugs:
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minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well; anti-money-laundering laws strengthened but few convictions |
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This page was last updated on 1 August, 2003 |