Appendixes
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C
Selected International
Environmental Agreements
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Air Pollution
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see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
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Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
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see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their
Transboundary Fluxes
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Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
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see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Air Pollution-Sulphur 85
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see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary
Fluxes by at least 30%
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Air Pollution-Sulphur 94
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see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
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Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
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see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
or Their Transboundary Fluxes
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Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
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see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
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Antarctic Treaty
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opened for signature - 1 December 1959
entered into force - 23 June 1961
objective - to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes
only (such as international cooperation in scientific research); to defer
the question of territorial claims asserted by some nations and not recognized
by others; to provide an international forum for management of the region;
applies to land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees South latitude
parties - (45) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
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Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal
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note - abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes
opened for signature - 22 March 1989
entered into force - 5 May 1992
objective - to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject
to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound
and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity
of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management
as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs
in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes
they generate
parties - (149) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,
El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Finland, France, The Gambia, Georgia,
Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,
Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,
Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,
Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Afghanistan,
Haiti, US
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Biodiversity
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see Convention on Biological Diversity
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Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
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note - abbreviated as Antarctic Seals
opened for signature - 1 June 1972
entered into force - 11 March 1978
objective - to promote and achieve the protection, scientific
study, and rational use of Antarctic seals, and to maintain a satisfactory
balance within the ecological system of Antarctica
parties - (16) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, South Africa,
UK, US
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) NZ
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Convention on Biological Diversity
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note - abbreviated as Biodiversity
opened for signature - 5 June 1992
entered into force - 29 December 1993
objective - to develop national strategies for the conservation
and sustainable use of biological diversity
parties - (182) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook
Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue,
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,
San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (6) Afghanistan,
Kuwait, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, Tuvalu, US
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Climate Change
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see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
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see Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
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Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the
High Seas
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note - abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation
opened for signature - 29 April 1958
entered into force - 20 March 1966
objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems
involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering
that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources
are in danger of being overexploited
parties - (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina
Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland,
France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Serbia and
Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland,
Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (21) Afghanistan,
Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia,
Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Panama,
Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay
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Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
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note - abbreviated as Air Pollution
opened for signature - 13 November 1979
entered into force - 16 March 1983
objective - to protect the human environment against air pollution
and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range
transboundary air pollution
parties - (48) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova,
Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia
and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
Ukraine, UK, US
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (2) Holy See,
San Marino
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Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
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note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Marine Living Resources
opened for signature - 5 May 1980
entered into force - 7 April 1982
objective - to safeguard the environment and protect the integrity of
the ecosystem of the seas surrounding Antarctica, and to conserve Antarctic
marine living resources
parties - (31) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
Chile, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South
Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu
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Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
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note - abbreviated as Endangered Species
opened for signature - 3 March 1973
entered into force - 1 July 1975
objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation
by means of a system of import/export permits
parties - (156) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,
Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African
Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia,
Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova,
Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand,
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,
US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Ireland,
Kuwait, Lesotho
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Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes
and Other Matter (London Convention)
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note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping
opened for signature - 29 December 1972
entered into force - 30 August 1975
objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to
encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention
parties - (78) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile,
China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon,
Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong (associate member),
Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,
Kiribati, South Korea, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco,
Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua
New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Serbia
and Montenegro, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Ukraine, UAE, UK,
US, Vanuatu
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Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use
of Environmental Modification Techniques
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note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification
opened for signature - 10 December 1976
entered into force - 5 October 1978
objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of
environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace
and trust among nations
parties - (66) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Ukraine,
UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (17) Bolivia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran,
Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra
Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda
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Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as
Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
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note - abbreviated as Wetlands
opened for signature - 2 February 1971
entered into force - 21 December 1975
objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss
of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological
functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational
value
parties - (125) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium,
Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt,
El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland,
Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia
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Desertification
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see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in
Africa
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Endangered Species
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see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
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Environmental Modification
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see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use
of Environmental Modification Techniques
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Hazardous Wastes
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see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal
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International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
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note - abbreviated as Whaling
opened for signature - 2 December 1946
entered into force - 10 November 1948
objective - to protect all species of whales from overhunting;
to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries
to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to
safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented
by whale stocks
parties - (42) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France,
Germany, Grenada, Guinea, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South
Korea, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Oman, Panama,
Peru, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
UK, US
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International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
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note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83
opened for signature - 18 November 1983
entered into force - 1 April 1985; this agreement expired when
the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, went into force
objective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation
between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the
development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and
conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources
parties - (54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil,
Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt,
EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras,
India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg,
Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand,
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela
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International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
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note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94
opened for signature - 26 January 1994
entered into force - 1 January 1997
objective - to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical
timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund
to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary
to reach this objective
parties - (58) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil,
Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire,
Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Spain, Suriname,
Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay,
Vanuatu, Venezuela
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Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
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note - abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
opened for signature - 16 March 1998, but not yet in force
objective - to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing
the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by
establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries
parties - (49) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Burundi, Colombia, Cook Islands,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,
Fiji, The Gambia, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Jamaica, Jordan,
Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated
States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Niue, Palau, Panama,
Paraguay, Portugal, Romania, Samoa, Senegal, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan,
Tuvalu, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (57) Australia,
Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica,
Croatia, Cuba, Egypt, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands,
Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand,
Ukraine, UK, US, Vietnam, Zambia
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Law of the Sea
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see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
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Marine Dumping
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see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes
and Other Matter (London Convention)
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Marine Life Conservation
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see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the
High Seas
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Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
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note - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection
opened for signature - 16 September 1987
entered into force - 1 January 1989
objective - to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions
of substances that deplete it
parties - (183) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon,
The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North
Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,
Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States
of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe,
Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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Nuclear Test Ban
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see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer
Space, and Under Water
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Ozone Layer Protection
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see Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
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Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
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note - abbreviated as Ship Pollution
opened for signature - 17 February 1978
entered into force - 2 October 1983
objective - to preserve the marine environment through the complete
elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the
minimization of accidental discharge of such substances
parties - (119) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile,
China, Colombia, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,
Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela,
Vietnam
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Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
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note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
opened for signature - 4 October 1991
entered into force - 14 January 1998
objective - to provide for comprehensive protection of the Antarctic
environment and dependent and associated ecosystems; applies to the area
covered by the Antarctic Treaty
consultative parties - (27) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Chile, China, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy,
Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South
Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, US, Uruguay
non consultative parties - (16) Austria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, North Korea, Papua
New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
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Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary
Fluxes
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note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
opened for signature - 31 October 1988
entered into force - 14 February 1991
objective - to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen
oxides and their transboundary fluxes
parties - (28) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Poland
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Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or
Their Transboundary Fluxes
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note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
opened for signature - 18 November 1991
entered into force - 29 September 1997
objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions
of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary
fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse
effects
parties - (21) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (6) Canada,
EU, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, US
|
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
|
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94
opened for signature - 14 June 1994
entered into force - 5 August 1998
objective - to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions
or transboundary fluxes
parties - (23) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
UK
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (5) Bulgaria,
Hungary, Poland, Russia, Ukraine
|
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
on Persistent Organic Pollutants
|
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
opened for signature - 24 June 1998, but not yet in force
objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions
of persistent organic pollutants in order to reduce their transboundary
fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse
effects
parties - (8) Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (28) Armenia,
Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, EU, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Ukraine, UK, US
|
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes
by at Least 30%
|
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85
opened for signature - 8 July 1985
entered into force - 2 September 1987
objective - to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions
or transboundary fluxes by 1993
parties - (22) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden,
Switzerland, Ukraine
|
Ship Pollution
|
see Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
|
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space,
and Under Water
|
note - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban
opened for signature - 5 August 1963
entered into force - 10 October 1963
objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament
under strict international control in accordance with the objectives
of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate
incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including
nuclear weapons
parties - (113) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin,
Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Burma, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji,
Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand,
Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela,
Zambia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (17) Algeria,
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chile, Ethiopia, Haiti, Libya, Mali,
Pakistan, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Tanzania, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen
|
Tropical Timber 83
|
see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
|
Tropical Timber 94
|
see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
|
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
|
note - abbreviated as Law of the Sea
opened for signature - 10 December 1982
entered into force - 16 November 1994
objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the
sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as
well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment
parties - (137) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,
EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall
Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,
Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,
Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Tanzania,
Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay,
Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (33) Afghanistan,
Belarus, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African
Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic,
El Salvador, Ethiopia, Hungary, Iran, North Korea, Lesotho, Liberia,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Malawi, Morocco, Niger, Niue, Qatar, Rwanda, Swaziland,
Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, UAE
|
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in
Africa
|
note - abbreviated as Desertification
opened for signature - 14 October 1994
entered into force - 26 December 1996
objective - to combat desertification and mitigate the effects
of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term
strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements
parties - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua
and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,
Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,
China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic
of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU,
Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,
Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Thailand, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
|
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|
note - abbreviated as Climate Change
opened for signature - 9 May 1992
entered into force - 21 March 1994
objective - to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system
parties - (186) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia,
Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea,
South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall
Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,
Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,
Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (2) Afghanistan,
Liberia
|
Wetlands
|
see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As
Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
|
Whaling
|
see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
|
This page was last updated on
1 August, 2003
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