Skip to content. | Skip to navigation

 
Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
World Factbook Title
navigation arrows
View Text Low Bandwidth Version Download Publication
Middle East :: Turkey
page last updated on January 29, 2013
Flag of Turkey
(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
Location of Turkey
Click flag or map to enlarge Opens in New Window
 
Map of Turkey
Click map to enlarge Opens in New Window
Photos of Turkey
 
Navigation Arrow view 32 photos Opens in New Window
of Turkey
Expand All | collapse All
Introduction ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the Kurdistan People's Congress or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community. Over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy; it began accession membership talks with the European Union in 2005.
Back to Top
Geography ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
39 00 N, 35 00 E
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 783,562 sq km
country comparison to the world: 37
land: 769,632 sq km
water: 13,930 sq km
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
slightly larger than Texas
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 2,648 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
7,200 km
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
arable land: 29.81%
permanent crops: 3.39%
other: 66.8% (2005)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
52,150 sq km (2003)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
234 cu km (2003)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 39.78 cu km/yr (15%/11%/74%)
per capita: 544 cu m/yr (2001)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
volcanism: limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
Back to Top
People and Society ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other minorities 7-12% (2008 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
79,749,461 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0-14 years: 26.2% (male 10,698,923/ female 10,217,799)
15-64 years: 67.4% (male 27,148,981/ female 26,571,364)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 2,336,911/ female 2,775,483) (2012 est.)
population pyramid:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 28.8 years
male: 28.5 years
female: 29.2 years (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.197% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
17.58 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
6.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
urban population: 70% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Istanbul 10.378 million; ANKARA (capital) 3.846 million; Izmir 2.679 million; Bursa 1.559 million; Adana 1.339 million (2009)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
20 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 140
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 23.07 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 83
male: 24.13 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total population: 72.77 years
country comparison to the world: 125
male: 70.86 years
female: 74.78 years (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.13 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
6.7% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 88
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.451 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.41 beds/1,000 population (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
improved:
urban: 97% of population
rural: 75% of population
total: 90% of population
unimproved:
urban: 3% of population
rural: 25% of population
total: 10% of population
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
less than 0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4,600 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
fewer than 200 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
16.1% (2007)
country comparison to the world: 30
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.5% (2004)
country comparison to the world: 99
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.9% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 136
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.4%
male: 95.3%
female: 79.6% (2004 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 25.3%
country comparison to the world: 28
male: 25.4%
female: 25.1% (2009)
Back to Top
Government ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
republican parliamentary democracy
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
name: Ankara
geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Monday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
7 November 1982; amended several times; note - amendment passed by referendum 21 October 2007 concerning presidential elections
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
civil law system based on various European legal systems notably the Swiss civil code; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European Convention on Human Rights
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18 years of age; universal
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of state: President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament
election results: on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote - 339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct presidential elections
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 12 June 2011 (next to be held by June 2015)
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 49.8%, CHP 25.9%, MHP 13%, independents 6.6%, other 4.7%; seats by party - AKP 326, CHP 135, MHP 53, independents 36; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Masum TURKER]; Democratic Party or DP [Namik Kemal ZEYBEK]; Equality and Democracy Party or EDP [Ziva HALIS]; Felicity Party or SP [Mustafa KAMALAK] (sometimes translated as Contentment Party); Freedom and Solidarity Party or ODP [Alper TAS]; Grand Unity Party or BBP [Yalcin TOPCU]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]; Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Peace and Democracy Party or BDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]; Turkey Party or TP [Abdullatif SENER]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of the 61 parties that Turkey had according to the Ministry of Interior statistics current as of May 2009
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey or TUSKON [Rizanur MERAL]; Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Lami OZGEN]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Tayfun GORGUN]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer Cihad VARDAN]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugrul KUDATGOBILIK]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Mustafa KUMLU]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Umit BOYNER]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of mission: Ambassador Namik TAN
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of mission: Ambassador Francis J. RICCIARDONE, Jr.
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for the Turks, as well as being traditional symbols of Islam; according to legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
star and crescent
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
name: "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March)
lyrics/music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932
Back to Top
Economy ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Turkey's largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication, and an emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, construction, and electronics industries, are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkey's export mix. Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to market. Several gas pipelines projects also are moving forward to help transport Central Asian gas to Europe through Turkey, which over the long term will help address Turkey's dependence on imported oil and gas to meet 97% of its energy needs. After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth - averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis and GDP rebounded strongly to 9.2% in 2010, as exports returned to normal levels following the recession. Growth dropped to approximately 3% in 2012. Turkey's public sector debt to GDP ratio has fallen to about 40%. Continued strong growth has pushed inflation to the 9% level, however. Turkey remains dependent on often volatile, short-term investment to finance its large trade deficit. The stock value of FDI stood at $117 billion at year-end 2012. Inflows have slowed because of continuing economic turmoil in Europe, the source of much of Turkey's FDI. Further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost Turkey's attractiveness to foreign investors. However, Turkey's relatively high current account deficit, uncertainty related to monetary policy-making, and political turmoil within Turkey's neighborhood leave the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence.
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$1.125 trillion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
$1.093 trillion (2011 est.)
$1.007 trillion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$783.1 billion (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
8.5% (2011 est.)
9.2% (2010 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$15,000 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
$14,600 (2011 est.)
$13,800 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agriculture: 8.9%
industry: 28.1%
services: 63% (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
27.11 million
country comparison to the world: 23
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agriculture: 25.5%
industry: 26.2%
services: 48.4% (2010)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
9% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
9.8% (2011 est.)
note: underemployment amounted to 4% in 2008
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
16.9% (2010)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 30.3% (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
40.2 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 58
43.6 (2003)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
21.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
revenues: $179.9 billion
expenditures: $200.4 billion (2012 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
23% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-2.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
40.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
40% of GDP (2011 est.)
note: data cover central government debt, and excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
9.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
6.5% (2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.25% (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 10
15% (22 December 2009)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
19% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
17% (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$83.29 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
$71.95 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$386.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
$346.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$520.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
$456.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$201.8 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 28
$306.7 billion (31 December 2010)
$225.7 billion (31 December 2009)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
9.2% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-$59.74 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
-$77.24 billion (2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$154.2 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
$143.4 billion (2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Germany 10.3%, Iraq 6.2%, UK 6%, Italy 5.8%, France 5%, Russia 4.4% (2011)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$225.6 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
$232.9 billion (2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Russia 9.9%, Germany 9.5%, China 9%, US 6.7%, Italy 5.6%, Iran 5.2% (2011)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$93.38 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
$88.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$331.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
$306.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$117.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$102.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$21.35 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
$19.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -
1.798 (2012 est.)
1.675 (2011 est.)
1.5028 (2010 est.)
1.55 (2009)
1.3179 (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
calendar year
Back to Top
Energy ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
201.2 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
155.2 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.918 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.144 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
44.76 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
65.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
32.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
45,740 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
284,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
270.4 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
343,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
706,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
68,450 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
297,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
761 million cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
44.71 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
713 million cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
43.9 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
6.173 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
263.5 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Back to Top
Communications ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
15.211 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 18
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
65.322 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 19
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
general assessment: comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion especially in mobile-cellular services
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately-owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; more than 1,000 private radio broadcast stations (2009)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
.tr
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
7.093 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 16
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
27.233 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 15
Back to Top
Transportation ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
98 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 59
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 89
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 4 (2012)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 4 (2012)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
20 (2012)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
gas 10,706 km; oil 3,636 km (2010)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 8,699 km
country comparison to the world: 23
standard gauge: 8,699 km 1.435-m gauge (1,928 km electrified) (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 352,046 km
country comparison to the world: 19
paved: 313,151 km (includes 2,010 km of expressways)
unpaved: 38,895 km (2008)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1,200 km (2010)
country comparison to the world: 59
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 629
country comparison to the world: 18
by type: bulk carrier 102, cargo 281, chemical tanker 80, container 42, liquefied gas 6, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 60, petroleum tanker 25, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 29, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Italy 1)
registered in other countries: 645 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 7, Azerbaijan 1, Bahamas 3, Barbados 1, Belize 16, Brazil 1, Cambodia 15, Comoros 8, Cook Islands 4, Curacao 5, Cyprus 1, Dominica 1, Georgia 14, Italy 4, Kazakhstan 1, Liberia 16, Malta 233, Marshall Islands 70, Moldova 18, Panama 62, Russia 101, Saint Kitts and Nevis 18, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Sierra Leone 9, Slovakia 1, Tanzania 13, Togo 4, Tuvalu 1, unknown 3) (2010)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Izmit (Kocaeli), Mercin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca
Back to Top
Military ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Force (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri) (2010)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
19-41 years of age for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 15 months conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates; Turkey is trying to reduce dependency on conscription, as of 2004, 75% of soldiers were conscripts; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; under a law passed in November 2011, men aged 30 and older who have worked 3 years in foreign countries may pay $16,200 in lieu of mandatory military service (2010)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 21,079,077
females age 16-49: 20,558,696 (2010 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 17,664,510
females age 16-49: 17,340,816 (2010 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
male: 700,079
female: 670,328 (2010 est.)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.3% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has incrementally asserted its supremacy over the military since first taking power in 2002 and has reduced the role of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) in internal security, increasing the responsibility of the Turkish National Police (TNP) in combating its Kurdish insurgency; the TSK leadership continues to play a role in politics and considers itself guardian of Turkey's secular state; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force 2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities, and took charge of a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in Afghanistan in April 2007; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system (2008)
Back to Top
Transnational Issues ::Turkey
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley;
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
refugees (country of origin): 5,277 (Iraq) (2011); 156,801 (Syria) (2013)
IDPs: 954,000-1.2 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are from eastern and southeastern provinces and are Kurds; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2006)
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls
Back to Top
Expand All | collapse All
  The online Factbook is updated weekly. ISSN 1553-8133
For additional information on government leaders in selected foreign countries, go to World Leaders.