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Europe :: Norway
page last updated on May 5, 2010
Flag of Norway
(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
Location of Norway
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Map of Norway
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Introduction ::Norway
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Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. Conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940-45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. The current focus is on containing spending on the extensive welfare system and planning for the time when petroleum reserves are depleted. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU.
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Geography ::Norway
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Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden
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62 00 N, 10 00 E
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total: 323,802 sq km
country comparison to the world: 67
land: 304,282 sq km
water: 19,520 sq km
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slightly larger than New Mexico
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total: 2,542 km
border countries: Finland 727 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km
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25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 10 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
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Current Weather
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast
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glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north
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lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m
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petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower
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arable land: 2.7%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.3% (2005)
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1,270 sq km (2003)
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381.4 cu km (2005)
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total: 2.4 cu km/yr (23%/67%/10%)
per capita: 519 cu m/yr (1996)
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rockslides, avalanches
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water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of the most rugged and longest coastlines in the world
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People ::Norway
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4,676,305 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
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0-14 years: 18.3% (male 436,506/female 417,567)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 1,567,433/female 1,527,126)
65 years and over: 15.6% (male 314,983/female 412,690) (2010 est.)
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total: 39.7 years
male: 38.8 years
female: 40.5 years (2010 est.)
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0.334% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
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10.9 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
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9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
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1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
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urban population: 77% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 0.7% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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at birth: 1.054 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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total: 3.55 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 213
male: 3.88 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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total population: 80.08 years
country comparison to the world: 23
male: 77.42 years
female: 82.89 years (2010 est.)
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1.77 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
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0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
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3,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
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fewer than 100 (2003 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
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noun: Norwegian(s)
adjective: Norwegian
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Norwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, about 60,000), other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)
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Church of Norway 85.7%, Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 2.4%, Muslim 1.8%, other 8.1% (2004)
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Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities; note - Sami is official in six municipalities
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%
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total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2006)
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7.2% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 20
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Government ::Norway
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conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway
conventional short form: Norway
local long form: Kongeriket Norge
local short form: Norge
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constitutional monarchy
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name: Oslo
geographic coordinates: 59 55 N, 10 45 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
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19 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
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Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
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7 June 1905 (Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union)
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Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
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17 May 1814; amended many times
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mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20 July 1973)
head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 October 2005)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of parliament
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the parliament
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modified unicameral Parliament or Storting (169 seats; members elected by popular vote by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 14 September 2009 (next to be held in September 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - DNA 35.4%, FrP 22.9%, H 17.2%, SV 6.2%, Sp 6.2%, KrF 5.5%, V 3.9%, other 2.7%; seats by party - DNA 64, FrP 41, H 30, SV 11, Sp 11, KrF 10, V 2
note: for certain purposes, the parliament divides itself into two chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership in the Lagting and three-fourths of its membership in the Odelsting
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Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the monarch)
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Center Party (Senterpartiet or Sp) [Liv Signe NAVARSETE]; Christian People's Party (Kristelig Folkeparti or KrF) [Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Conservative Party (Hoyre or H) [Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party (Det norske Arbeiderpartiet or DNA) [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party (Venstre or V) [Lars SPONHEIM]; note - has announced his resignation; Progress Party (Framstegspartiet or FrP) [Siv JENSEN]; Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti or SV) [Kristin HALVORSEN]
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Norwegian Aid Committee or NORWAC; Norwegian Association of the Disabled; Pure Salmon Campaign; The Consumer Council (consumer advocacy group)
other: environmental groups; media; reform movements
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ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, ESA, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MONUC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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chief of mission: Ambassador Wegger C. STROMMEN
chancery: 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-6000
FAX: [1] (202) 337-0870
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York, San Francisco
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chief of mission: Ambassador Barry B. WHITE
embassy: Henrik Ibsens gate 48, 0244 Oslo; note - the embassy will move to Huseby in the near future
mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707
telephone: [47] (22) 44 85 50
FAX: [47] (22) 44 33 63, 56 27 51
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red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)
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Economy ::Norway
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The Norwegian economy is a prosperous bastion of welfare capitalism, featuring a combination of free market activity and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state-majority-owned enterprises. The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on the petroleum sector, which accounts for nearly half of exports and over 30% of state revenue. Norway is the world's third-largest gas exporter; its position as an oil exporter has slipped to seventh-largest as production has begun to decline. Norway opted to stay out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, as a member of the European Economic Area, it contributes sizably to the EU budget. In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves almost all state revenue from the petroleum sector in a sovereign wealth fund. After lackluster growth of less than 1.5% in 2002-03, GDP growth picked up to 2.5-6.2% in 2004-07, partly due to higher oil prices. Growth fell to 2.1% in 2008, and the economy contracted by 1% in 2009 as a result of the slowing world economy and the drop in oil prices.
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$273.1 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
$275.8 billion (2008 est.)
$270.2 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
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$373.3 billion (2009 est.)
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-1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
2.1% (2008 est.)
5.5% (2007 est.)
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$58,600 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$59,400 (2008 est.)
$58,400 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
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agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 45.1%
services: 52.7% (2009 est.)
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2.6 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
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agriculture: 2.9%
industry: 21.1%
services: 76% (2008)
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3.2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
2.6% (2008 est.)
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NA%
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lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 23.4% (2000)
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25 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 133
25.8 (1995)
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20.5% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
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revenues: $206.9 billion
expenditures: $169 billion (2009 est.)
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60.2% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
55.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
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2.3% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
3.8% (2008 est.)
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4% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 71
6.25% (31 December 2007)
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7.28% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 151
3.5% (1st quarter 2009)
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$NA
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$NA
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$NA
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$142.5 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 26
$357.4 billion (31 December 2007)
$281.1 billion (31 December 2006)
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barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish
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petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing
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-1.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
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142.7 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
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128.8 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
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17.29 billion kWh (2008 est.)
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3.414 billion kWh (2008 est.)
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2.466 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
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220,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
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2.383 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
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104,400 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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6.68 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
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99.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
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3.97 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
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95.23 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
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2.313 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
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$58.56 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$88.34 billion (2008 est.)
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$122 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
$173.6 billion (2008 est.)
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petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish
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UK 27%, Germany 12.8%, Netherlands 10.4%, France 9.4%, Sweden 6.5%, US 4.5% (2008)
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$64.5 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
$85.95 billion (2008 est.)
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs
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Sweden 14.3%, Germany 13.4%, Denmark 6.8%, China 6.4%, UK 5.9%, US 5.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2008)
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$NA (31 December 2009 est.)
$50.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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$548.1 billion (30 June 2009)
country comparison to the world: 18
$475.9 billion (31 December 2008)
note: Norway is a net external creditor
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$93.88 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$91.49 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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$179.5 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
$160.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 6.3988 (2009), 5.6361 (2008), 5.86 (2007), 6.418 (2006), 6.445 (2005)
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Communications ::Norway
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1.928 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 57
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5.287 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 85
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general assessment: modern in all respects; one of the most advanced telecommunications networks in Europe
domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of mobile-cellular systems
international: country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)
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AM 5, FM 160, shortwave 1 (2008)
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69 (2008)
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.no
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3.198 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 25
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3.935 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 52
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Transportation ::Norway
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98 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 63
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total: 67
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 25 (2009)
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total: 31
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 25 (2009)
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1 (2009)
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condensate 31 km; gas 64 km (2009)
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total: 4,114 km
country comparison to the world: 40
standard gauge: 4,114 km 1.435-m gauge (2,552 km electrified) (2009)
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total: 92,946 km
country comparison to the world: 51
paved: 72,033 km (includes 664 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,913 km (2007)
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1,577 km (2008)
country comparison to the world: 53
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total: 688
country comparison to the world: 15
by type: bulk carrier 46, cargo 141, carrier 3, chemical tanker 137, combination ore/oil 12, container 4, liquefied gas 65, passenger/cargo 117, petroleum tanker 85, refrigerated cargo 14, roll on/roll off 13, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 50
foreign-owned: 199 (Canada 10, Chile 2, China 36, Denmark 25, Estonia 1, Finland 1, France 3, Germany 1, Greece 3, Hong Kong 20, Iceland 3, Italy 4, Japan 29, Lithuania 1, Malaysia 1, Monaco 5, Poland 3, Saudi Arabia 3, Singapore 1, Sweden 34, UK 5, US 8)
registered in other countries: 923 (Antigua and Barbuda 8, Australia 1, Bahamas 189, Barbados 38, Belize 3, Bermuda 5, Brazil 5, Canada 3, Cayman Islands 1, China 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 5, Cyprus 18, Denmark 3, Dominica 1, Estonia 2, Faroe Islands 4, Finland 3, France 5, Gibraltar 33, Hong Kong 40, Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 20, Italy 2, South Korea 2, Liberia 40, Libya 1, Malta 93, Marshall Islands 66, Netherlands 12, Netherlands Antilles 3, Panama 89, Philippines 10, Russia 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13, Singapore 143, Spain 5, Sweden 7, Tuvalu 1, UK 31, US 9, unknown 4) (2008)
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Bergen, Borg Havn, Haugesund, Maaloy, Mongstad, Narvik, Oslo, Sture
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Military ::Norway
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Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret, RNoN; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret, RNoAF), Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2010)
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18-44 years of age for male compulsory military service; 16 years of age in wartime; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 12-month service obligation, in practice shortened to 8 to 9 months; although all males between ages of 18 and 44 are liable for service, in practice they are seldom called to duty after age 30; reserve obligation to age 35-60; 16 years of age for volunteers to the Home Guard, who serve 6-month duty tours (2009)
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males age 16-49: 1,078,562
females age 16-49: 1,049,529 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 888,310
females age 16-49: 864,344 (2010 est.)
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male: 32,045
female: 30,610 (2010 est.)
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1.9% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
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Transnational Issues ::Norway
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Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); despite dialogue, Russia and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
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