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Europe :: Macedonia
page last updated on May 6, 2010
Flag of Macedonia
(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
Location of Macedonia
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Map of Macedonia
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Introduction ::Macedonia
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Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols delayed international recognition, which occurred under the provisional designation of "the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations. The United States began referring to Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia, in 2004 and negotiations continue between Greece and Macedonia to resolve the name issue. Some ethnic Albanians, angered by perceived political and economic inequities, launched an insurgency in 2001 that eventually won the support of the majority of Macedonia's Albanian population and led to the internationally-brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting by establishing a set of new laws enhancing the rights of minorities. Fully implementing the Framework Agreement and stimulating economic growth and development continue to be challenges for Macedonia, although progress has been made on both fronts over the past several years.
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Geography ::Macedonia
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Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
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41 50 N, 22 00 E
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total: 25,713 sq km
country comparison to the world: 149
land: 25,433 sq km
water: 280 sq km
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slightly larger than Vermont
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total: 766 km
border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Kosovo 159 km, Serbia 62 km
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0 km (landlocked)
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none (landlocked)
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Current Weather
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
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mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River
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lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m
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low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land
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arable land: 22.01%
permanent crops: 1.79%
other: 76.2% (2005)
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550 sq km (2003)
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6.4 cu km (2001)
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total: 2.27
per capita: 1,118 cu m/yr (2000)
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high seismic risks
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air pollution from metallurgical plants
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party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
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People ::Macedonia
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2,072,086 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
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0-14 years: 18.8% (male 202,149/female 187,801)
15-64 years: 69.7% (male 728,036/female 715,357)
65 years and over: 11.5% (male 103,327/female 135,416) (2010 est.)
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total: 35.4 years
male: 34.4 years
female: 36.5 years (2010 est.)
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0.257% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
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11.92 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
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8.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
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-0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
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urban population: 67% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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at birth: 1.077 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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total: 8.76 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 159
male: 8.98 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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total population: 74.92 years
country comparison to the world: 89
male: 72.4 years
female: 77.64 years (2010 est.)
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1.58 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
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less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
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fewer than 200 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
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fewer than 100 (2003 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
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noun: Macedonian(s)
adjective: Macedonian
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Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)
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Macedonian Orthodox 64.7%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.37%, other and unspecified 1.63% (2002 census)
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Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.1%
male: 98.2%
female: 94.1% (2002 census)
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total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 12 years (2005)
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3.5% of GDP (2002)
country comparison to the world: 130
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Government ::Macedonia
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conventional long form: Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form: Macedonia
local long form: Republika Makedonija
local short form: Makedonija
note: the provisional designation used by the UN, EU, and NATO is the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM)
former: People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia
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parliamentary democracy
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name: Skopje
geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
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84 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aerodrom (Skopje), Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Butel (Skopje), Cair (Skopje), Caska, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Dorce Petrov (Gjorce Petrov) (Skopje), Drugovo, Gazi Baba (Skopje), Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda (Skopje), Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostusa, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Saraj (Skopje), Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci
note: the 10 municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses collectively constitute the larger Skopje Municipality
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8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)
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Ilinden Uprising Day, 2 August (1903); note - also known as Saint Elijah's Day
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adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001, 2005 and in 2009
note: amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights, in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary, and in 2009 with amendments related to the threshold required to elect the president
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based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Gjorge IVANOV (since 12 May 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Nikola GRUEVSKI (since 26 August 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO/DPMNE, BDI/DUI, and several small parties
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elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); two-round election: first round held on 22 March 2009, second round held on 5 April 2009 (next to be held in March 2014); prime minister elected by the Assembly following legislative elections
election results: Gjorge IVANOV elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote - Gjorge IVANOV 63.1%, Ljubomir FRCKOSKI 36.9%
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unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (120 seats; members elected by popular vote from party lists based on the percentage of the overall vote the parties gain in each of six electoral districts; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 1 June and 15 June 2008 (next to be held by July 2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE-led block 49%, SDSM-led block 24%, BDI/DUI 13%, PDSh/DPA 8%, other 6%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE-led block 63, SDSM-led block 27, BDI/DUI 18, PDSh/DPA 11, PEI 1
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Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; Republican Judicial Council
note: the Assembly appoints the judges
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Democratic Alliance or DS [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia [Ivan STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of the Albanians or PDSh/DPA [Menduh THACI]; Democratic Party of Turks in Macedonia [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic Union for Integration or BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Jovan MANSIJEVSKI]; Liberal Party [Borce STOJANOVSKI]; Movement for Reconstruction of Macedonia or DOM [Liljana POPOVSKA]; New Alternative [Gjorgji OROVCANEC]; New Democracy or DR [Imer SELMANI]; New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP [Tito PETKOVSKI]; Party for Democratic Action in Macedonia or SDAM [Avdija PEPIC]; Party for European Future or PEI [Fijat CANOSKI]; Social-Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Branko CRVENKOVSKI]; Socialist Party or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV-ZINGO]; The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonia or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Union of Roma of Macedonia [Amdi BAJRAM]; United for Macedonia or OM [Ljube BOSKOVSKI]; VMRO-Macedonian [Borislav STOJMENOV]
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Federation of Free Trade Unions [Svetlana PETROVIC]; Federation of Trade Unions [Vanco MURATOVSKI]; Trade Union of Education, Science and Culture [Dojcin CVETANOSKI]
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BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Zoran JOLEVSKI
chancery: 2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-0501
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2131
consulate(s) general: Southfield (Michigan), Chicago
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chief of mission: Ambassador Philip T. REEKER
embassy: Str. Samolilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje
mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, US Department of State, 7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)
telephone: [389] 2 310-2000
FAX: [389] 2 310-2499
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a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia
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Economy ::Macedonia
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Having a small, open economy makes Macedonia vulnerable to economic developments in Europe and dependent on regional integration and progress toward EU membership for continued economic growth. At independence in September 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the central government and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the downsized Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. GDP subsequently rose each year through 2000. In 2001, during a civil conflict, the economy shrank 4.5% because of decreased trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on security needs, and investor uncertainty. Growth averaged 4% per year during 2003-06 and more than 5% per year during 2007-08. Macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs, despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms. Official unemployment remains high at 32%, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be more than 20% of GDP, that is not captured by official statistics. In the wake of the global economic downturn, Macedonia has experienced decreased foreign direct investment, lowered credit, and a large trade deficit, but the financial system remained sound. Macroeconomic stability was maintained by a prudent monetary policy, which kept the domestic currency at the pegged level against the euro, at the expense of raising interest rates. As a result, GDP fell in 2009.
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$18.77 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
$19.05 billion (2008 est.)
$18.09 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
Macedonia has a large informal sector
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$8.929 billion (2009 est.)
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-1.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
5% (2008 est.)
5.9% (2007 est.)
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$9,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
$9,200 (2008 est.)
$8,800 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
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agriculture: 11.9%
industry: 29.9%
services: 58.2% (2009 est.)
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940,700 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
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agriculture: 18.6%
industry: 29.5%
services: 51.9% (September 2009)
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31.7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
33.8% (2008 est.)
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28.7% (2008)
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lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 29.6% (2003)
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39 (2003)
country comparison to the world: 71
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19.5% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
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revenues: $3 billion
expenditures: $3.236 billion (2009 est.)
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32.4% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
28.7% of GDP (2008)
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-0.8% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
8.3% (2008 est.)
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6.5% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 65
6.5% (31 December 2008)
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9.33% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 97
9.68% (31 December 2008)
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$1.224 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 91
$1.307 billion (31 December 2008)
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$3.132 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 89
$3.254 billion (31 December 2008)
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$4.143 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 90
$3.906 billion (31 December 2008)
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$2.859 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 94
$2.438 billion (31 December 2008)
$2.715 billion (31 December 2007)
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grapes, tobacco, vegetables, fruits; milk, eggs
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food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals
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-7.7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128
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6.162 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
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7.797 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
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0 kWh (2009 est.)
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1.635 billion kWh (2009 est.)
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
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14,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
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4,672 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
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20,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
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0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
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0 cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
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80 million cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
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0 cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
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82 million cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
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0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
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-$798 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
-$1.21 billion (2008 est.)
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$3.035 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
$3.971 billion (2008 est.)
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food, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel
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Serbia and Montenegro 20.1%, Germany 15.1%, Greece 12.3%, Bulgaria 9.9%, Italy 8.7%, Croatia 6.4% (2008)
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$4.942 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
$6.523 billion (2008 est.)
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machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products
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Germany 13.2%, Greece 12.3%, Bulgaria 9.8%, Serbia and Montenegro 6.9%, Italy 6.2%, Turkey 5.6%, Slovenia 5.2%, Poland 4.3% (2008)
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$2.29 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
$2.106 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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$5.458 billion (31 September 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
$4.658 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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$3.528 billion (31 October 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
$3.357 billion (2007 est.)
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$NA
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Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 45.129 (2009), 41.414 (2008), 44.732 (2007), 48.978 (2006), 48.92 (2005)
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Communications ::Macedonia
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457,100 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 102
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2.502 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 116
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general assessment: competition from the mobile-cellular segment of the telecommunications market has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership approaching 150 per 100 persons
international: country code - 389 (2008)
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AM 1, FM 68, shortwave 0 (2009)
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76 (2009)
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.mk
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57,763 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 81
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847,900 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 97
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Transportation ::Macedonia
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14 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 150
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total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
under 914 m: 8 (2009)
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total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2009)
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gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2009)
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total: 699 km
country comparison to the world: 105
standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (234 km electrified) (2009)
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total: 13,182 km (includes 208 km of expressways) (2002)
country comparison to the world: 127
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Military ::Macedonia
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Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM): Joint Operational Command, with subordinate Air Wing (Makedonsko Voeno Vozduhoplovstvo, MVV); Special Operations Regiment; Logistic Support Command; Training Command (2010)
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18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2007)
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males age 16-49: 530,966
females age 16-49: 511,534 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 442,953
females age 16-49: 425,981 (2010 est.)
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male: 15,338
female: 14,445 (2010 est.)
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6% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
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Transnational Issues ::Macedonia
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Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
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IDPs: fewer than 1,000 (ethnic conflict in 2001) (2007)
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major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement
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