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Middle East :: Georgia
page last updated on May 19, 2010
Flag of Georgia
(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
Location of Georgia
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Map of Georgia
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Introduction ::Georgia
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The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D. and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. An attempt by the incumbent Georgian government to manipulate national legislative elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. New elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his National Movement party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. After a series of Russian and separatist provocations in summer 2008, Georgian military action in South Ossetia in early August led to a Russian military response that not only occupied the breakaway areas, but large portions of Georgia proper as well. Russian troops pulled back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. This action was strongly condemned by most of the world's nations and international organizations.
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Geography ::Georgia
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Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe
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42 00 N, 43 30 E
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total: 69,700 sq km
country comparison to the world: 120
land: 69,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
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slightly smaller than South Carolina
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total: 1,461 km
border countries: Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km
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310 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
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Current Weather
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
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largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland
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lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Mt'a Shkhara 5,201 m
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timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
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arable land: 11.51%
permanent crops: 3.79%
other: 84.7% (2005)
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4,690 sq km (2003)
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63.3 cu km (1997)
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total: 3.61 cu km/yr (20%/21%/59%)
per capita: 808 cu m/yr (2000)
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earthquakes
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air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals
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party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them
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People ::Georgia
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4,600,825 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
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0-14 years: 15.8% (male 389,647/female 338,845)
15-64 years: 68% (male 1,508,950/female 1,620,227)
65 years and over: 16.2% (male 296,557/female 446,599) (2010 est.)
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total: 38.8 years
male: 36.3 years
female: 41.3 years (2010 est.)
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-0.325% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 220
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10.7 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
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9.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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-4.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
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urban population: 53% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: -0.6% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.15 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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total: 15.67 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 121
male: 17.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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total population: 76.93 years
country comparison to the world: 62
male: 73.61 years
female: 80.64 years (2010 est.)
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1.44 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
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less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
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2,700 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
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fewer than 200 (2003 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
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noun: Georgian(s)
adjective: Georgian
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Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002 census)
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Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Muslim 9.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census)
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Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%
note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2004 est.)
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total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2006)
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3.1% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 145
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Government ::Georgia
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Georgia
local long form: none
local short form: Sak'art'velo
former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
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republic
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name: T'bilisi
geographic coordinates: 41 43 N, 44 47 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)
regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli
city: Tbilisi
autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)
note: the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses
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9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
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Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
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adopted 24 August 1995
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based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January 2004); the president is the chief of state and serves as head of government for the power ministries of internal affairs and defense
head of government: Prime Minister Nikoloz GILAURI (since 6 February 2009); the prime minister is head of government for all the ministries of government except the power ministries of internal affairs and defense
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
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elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 January 2008 (next to be held in January 2013)
election results: Mikheil SAAKASHVILI reelected president; percent of vote - Mikheil SAAKASHVILI 53.5%, Levan GACHECHILADZE 25.7%, Badri PATARKATSISHVILI 7.1%
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unicameral Parliament or Parlamenti (also known as Supreme Council or Umaghlesi Sabcho) (150 seats; 75 members elected by proportional representation, 75 from single-seat constituencies; members to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 21 May 2008 (next to be held in the spring of 2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - United National Movement 59.2%, National Council-New Rights (a Joint Opposition, nine-party bloc) 17.7%, Christian Democratic Movement 8.8%, Labor Party 7.4%, Republican Party 3.8%; seats by party - United National Movement 120, National Council-New Rights 16, Christian Democratic Movement 6, Labor Party 6, Republican Party 2
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Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president's or chairman of the Supreme Court's recommendation); Constitutional Court; first and second instance courts
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Christian Democratic Movement [Giorgi TARGAMADZE]; Conservative Party [Kakha KUKAVA]; Democratic Movement United Georgia [Nino BURJANADZE]; For Fair Georgia [Zurab NOGAIDELI]; Georgian People's Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgia's Way Party [Salome ZOURABICHVILI]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Forum [Kakhaber SHARTAVA]; New Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE]; Our Georgia-Free Democrats (OGFD) or Alliance for Georgia [Irakli ALASANIA]; People's Party [Koba DAVITASHVILI; Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI]; Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; United National Movement or UNM [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]
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separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
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ACCT (observer), ADB, BSEC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Batu KUTELIA
chancery: 2209 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-2390
FAX: [1] (202) 393-4537
consulate(s) general: New York
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chief of mission: Ambassador John BASS
embassy: 11 George Balanchine Street, T'bilisi 0131
mailing address: 7060 T'bilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060
telephone: [995] (32) 27-70-00
FAX: [995] (32) 53-23-10
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white rectangle, in its central portion a red cross connecting all four sides of the flag; in each of the four corners is a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; the five-cross flag appears to date back to the 14th century
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Economy ::Georgia
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Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed to 2.1% in 2008 following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and the economy contracted by about 7% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese and copper; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, aircraft and chemicals. Areas of recent improvement include growth in the construction, banking services, and mining sectors, but reduced availability of external investment and the slowing regional economy are emerging risks. The country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity, a growing component of its energy supplies. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. The construction on the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil and other goods. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, the government, since coming to power in 2004, has simplified the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption. However, the current economic downturn has eroded the tax base and led to a decline in the budget surplus and an increase in public borrowing needs. The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a determined effort to continue to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, but the economy faces a more difficult investment climate both domestically and internationally.
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$20.29 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
$21.82 billion (2008 est.)
$21.37 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
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$11.11 billion (2009 est.)
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-7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
2.1% (2008 est.)
12.3% (2007 est.)
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$4,400 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
$4,700 (2008 est.)
$4,600 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
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agriculture: 12.1%
industry: 25.9%
services: 62% (2009 est.)
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1.918 million (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
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agriculture: 55.6%
industry: 8.9%
services: 35.5% (2006 est.)
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16.4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
13.6% (2006 est.)
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31% (2006)
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lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 30.6% (2008)
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40.8 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 59
37.1 (1996)
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22.3% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
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revenues: $3.444 billion
expenditures: $3.183 billion (2009 est.)
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1.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
10% (2008)
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8% (25 December 2008)
NA% (31 December 2007)
note: this is the Refinancing Rate, the key monetary policy rate of the Georgian National Bank
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22% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 15
20.8% (31 December 2008)
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$1.077 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 94
$972.4 million (31 December 2008)
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$1.606 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 95
$1.379 billion (31 December 2007)
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$3.695 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 91
$3.598 billion (31 December 2008)
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$NA (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 100
$1.389 billion (31 December 2007)
$668.3 million (31 December 2006)
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citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock
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steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine
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-8.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
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7.97 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
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6.902 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
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628 million kWh (2007 est.)
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430 million kWh (2007 est.)
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977 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
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14,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140
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1,486 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
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16,590 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
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35 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
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8 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
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1.73 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
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1.72 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
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8.495 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
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-$1.85 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
-$2.915 billion (2008 est.)
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$1.14 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
$1.512 billion (2008 est.)
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scrap metal, wine, mineral water, ores, vehicles, fruits and nuts
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Turkey 17.6%, Azerbaijan 13.7%, Ukraine 9%, Canada 8.8%, Armenia 8.2%, Bulgaria 7.2%, US 6.8% (2008)
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$4.477 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
$6.261 billion (2008 est.)
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fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals
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Turkey 14.9%, Ukraine 10.4%, Azerbaijan 9.6%, Germany 7.9%, Russia 6.8%, US 5.7%, China 4.7%, UAE 4.4% (2008)
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$1.08 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
$1.48 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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$3.381 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 113
$7.711 billion (31 December 2008)
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laris (GEL) per US dollar - 1.6996 (2009), 1.47 (2008), 1.7 (2007), 1.78 (2006), 1.8127 (2005)
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Communications ::Georgia
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618,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 93
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2.755 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 112
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general assessment: fixed-line telecommunications network has only limited coverage outside Tbilisi; long list of people waiting for fixed line connections; multiple mobile-cellular providers provide services to an increasing subscribership throughout the country
domestic: cellular telephone networks now cover the entire country; mobile-cellular teledensity approaching 75 per 100 people; urban fixed-line telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; rural telephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi; nationwide pager service is available
international: country code - 995; the Georgia-Russia fiber optic submarine cable provides connectivity to Russia; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available
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AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998)
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12 (plus repeaters) (1998)
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.ge
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104,243 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 72
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1.024 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 85
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Transportation ::Georgia
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22 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 133
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total: 18
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2009)
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total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2009)
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3 (2009)
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gas 1,596 km; oil 1,258 km (2009)
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total: 1,612 km
country comparison to the world: 80
broad gauge: 1,575 km 1.520-m gauge (1,575 electrified)
narrow gauge: 37 km 0.912-m gauge (37 electrified) (2008)
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total: 20,329 km
country comparison to the world: 109
paved: 7,854 km (includes 13 km of expressways)
unpaved: 12,475 km (2006)
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total: 191
country comparison to the world: 35
by type: bulk carrier 18, cargo 148, carrier 2, chemical tanker 1, container 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 153 (China 10, Cyprus 1, Egypt 12, Germany 2, Greece 5, Hong Kong 2, Israel 2, Lebanon 4, Monaco 4, Nigeria 1, Romania 16, Russia 12, Syria 49, Turkey 14, Ukraine 18, UAE 1) (2008)
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Bat'umi, P'ot'i
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large parts of transportation network are in poor condition because of lack of maintenance and repair
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Military ::Georgia
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Georgian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces
note: naval forces have been incorporated into the coast guard (2010)
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18 to 34 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2005)
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males age 16-49: 1,094,390
females age 16-49: 1,140,758 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 901,307
females age 16-49: 946,357 (2010 est.)
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male: 30,314
female: 28,299 (2010 est.)
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0.59% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
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a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia
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Transnational Issues ::Georgia
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Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
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refugees (country of origin): 1,100 (Russia)
IDPs: 220,000-240,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia) (2007)
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limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia
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