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This page was last updated on 16 May, 2006


Map of Indonesia



Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Indonesia Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing financial sector reforms, stemming corruption, and holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations. Indonesia was the nation worst hit by the December 2004 tsunami, which particularly affected Aceh province causing over 100,000 deaths and over $4 billion in damage. An additional earthquake in March 2005 created heavy destruction on the island of Nias. Reconstruction in these areas may take up to a decade. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, but it continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua.
   Geography    Indonesia Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Southeast Asia
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
54,716 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
45,000 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
   People    Indonesia Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 28.8% (male 35,995,919/female 34,749,582)
15-64 years: 65.8% (male 80,796,794/female 80,754,238)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 5,737,473/female 7,418,733) (2006 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 26.8 years
male: 26.4 years
female: 27.3 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
1.41% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
20.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 34.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 39.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 69.87 years
male: 67.42 years
female: 72.45 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.4 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
110,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2,400 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
Definition Field Listing
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations
note: at present, H5N1 avian influenza poses a minimal risk; during outbreaks among birds, rare cases could occur among US citizens who have close contact with infected birds or poultry (2005)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002 est.)
   Government    Indonesia Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Jakarta
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*
note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 440 districts or regencies have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949 (Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amemdments concluded in 2002
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were elected for five-year terms by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching president and in amending constitution; consists of popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
NA
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
   Economy    Indonesia Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples with high unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia became a net oil importer in 2004 because of declining production and lack of new exploration investment. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes will dampen growth prospects in 2006. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth. In late December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami took 131,000 lives with another 37,000 missing, left some 570,000 displaced persons, and caused an estimated $4.5 billion in damages and losses. Terrorist incidents in 2005 have slowed tourist arrivals. Indonesia experienced several human cases of avian influenza in late 2005, sparking concerns of a pandemic.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$901.7 billion (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing
$270 billion (2005 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.4% (2005 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$3,700 (2005 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 14.7%
industry: 30.6%
services: 54.6% (2005 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
94.2 million (2005 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 46.5%
industry: 11.8%
services: 41.7% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.9% (2005 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
16.7% (2004)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 28.5% (2002)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
34.3 (2002)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.4% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
21.5% of GDP (2005 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $54.3 billion
expenditures: $57.7 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
52.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.1% (2005 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
120.2 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
105.4 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.061 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.084 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
431,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
345,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.6 billion bbl (2005 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
83.4 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
22.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
37.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.557 trillion cu m (2005)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$2.3 billion (2005 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$83.64 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Japan 22.3%, US 12.3%, Singapore 8.4%, South Korea 6.8%, China 6.4%, Malaysia 4.2% (2004)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$62.02 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Singapore 13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand 6%, Australia 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$34.7 billion (2005 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$131 billion (2005 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$43 billion
note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and again in 2005; nearly $5 billion in aid money pledged by a variety bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental organization (NGO) donors following the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh (2005 est.)
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.9 (2001)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
   Communications    Indonesia Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.99 million (2004)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
30 million (2004)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
54 local TV stations
note: 11 national TV networks; each with their own group of local, often low power, transmitters (2006)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.id
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
134,735 (2005)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
18 million (2005)
   Transportation    Indonesia Top of Page
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
668 (2005)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 161
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
1,524 to 2,437 m: 48
914 to 1,523 m: 51
under 914 m: 43 (2005)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 507
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 26
under 914 m: 475 (2005)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
23 (2005)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 368,360 km
paved: 213,649 km
unpaved: 154,711 km (2002)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
21,579 km (2005)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 750 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,431,605 GRT/4,598,038 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 38, cargo 422, chemical tanker 18, container 41, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1, passenger 40, passenger/cargo 37, petroleum tanker 126, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 13, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 25 (France 1, Japan 4, South Korea 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 14, Switzerland 2, UK 2)
registered in other countries: 117 (The Bahamas 2, Belize 2, Bermuda 1, Cambodia 1, Denmark 1, Georgia 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 3, Liberia 1, Malta 1, Panama 50, Singapore 49, Thailand 1, unknown 3) (2005)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing
Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
   Military    Indonesia Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Indonesia Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, includes Marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)
note: The TNI is directly subordinate to the president but the government is making efforts to incorporate it into the Department of Defense
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - two years (2002)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 60,543,028
females age 18-49: 59,981,730 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 48,687,234
females age 18-49: 50,252,911 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 2,201,047
females age 18-49: 2,139,573 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$1.3 billion (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3% (2004)
   Transnational Issues    Indonesia Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing
IDPs: 570,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) 500,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi Provinces); (2005)
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

This page was last updated on 16 May, 2006


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